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Impurities & Reference Standards collects environmental contaminants, industrial chemicals and drug stereoisomers. Many entries are substances monitored in environmental and food analysis, such as the plasticizer dimethyl phthalate and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene. Flame retardants are represented by the organophosphate triphenyl phosphate and by brominated compounds. Perfluorodecanoic acid belongs to the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class known for persistence in the environment. A second group holds enantiomers and isomers of research compounds, such as (R)-Asundexian, the (R)-enantiomer of the factor XIa inhibitor asundexian. Such isomers support stereochemical comparison and the development of chromatographic separation methods. Process-related and degradation compounds of individual drugs are listed separately under Drug Impurity.
(Rac)-GK563 is an isomer of GK563, serving as a selective inhibitor of Ca2+-independent group VI phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2). This compound demonstrates potent biological activity by modulating lipid metabolism and influencing inflammatory pathways. It is applicable in research focused on studying lipid signaling mechanisms and disorders related to phospholipase activity.
3'-(2-Fluorophenyl) ezetimibe is an isomer of the cholesterol transport inhibitor Ezetimibe, targeting the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein. This compound is utilized in research focused on cholesterol absorption mechanisms and the development of therapeutic agents for hyperlipidemia. Its chemical structure allows for detailed studies of isomer-specific biological activities and interactions, aiding in the optimization of cholesterol-lowering treatments.
(S)-Isomyosmine is the S-enantiomer of Isomyosmine, a known inhibitor of nitrate reductase. This nicotine-derived alkaloid is primarily found in solanaceous plants that contain nicotine. (S)-Isomyosmine is utilized in research exploring its effects on inflammation and age-related disorders, potentially offering insights into therapeutic applications in these areas.
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R-(+)-Mono-desmethylsibutramine is the R enantiomer of Mono-desmethylsibutramine, functioning primarily as a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. This compound demonstrates potential in obesity management and metabolic research by influencing energy expenditure and appetite regulation. It is valuable for studies exploring the pharmacological effects of serotonin modulation on behavior and weight loss therapies.
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(2R,3S)-Brassinazole is a selective inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. This enantiomer significantly disrupts seedling morphology, leading to deformations that resemble the characteristics of brassinosteroid-deficient mutants. In particular, exposure to (2R,3S)-Brassinazole induces dwarfism in cress and alters leaf morphology, including a pronounced downward curl and a dark green phenotype akin to Arabidopsis brassinosteroid-deficient mutants. The effects of dwarfism can be reversed with the application of brassinosteroids at low concentrations, highlighting its utility in studying brassinosteroid functions and pathways in plant biology.
Pitnot-2 is an inactive analog of the clathrin inhibitor Pitstop 2, designed to serve as a negative control in research. Its primary mechanism involves inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, allowing researchers to assess the specificity and functional effects of active compounds. This reagent is particularly useful in studies investigating cellular uptake mechanisms and the role of clathrin in various biological processes.
(rac)-K20 is the racemic mixture of K20, a selective inhibitor of KRas G12C with an IC50 value of 1.16 µM. This compound exhibits notable antitumor activity, making it a valuable tool for cancer research. It is primarily utilized in studies involving KRas G12C mutations and their role in oncogenesis.
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