Catalog No.
Product Name
Application
Product Information
Citations
-
GPCR19 Agonist /FXR Antagonist
Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium is a potent agonist of the G-protein coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19) and antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). This secondary bile acid plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and regulating lipid metabolism. Its ability to modulate bile acid-activated receptors makes it valuable for investigating various hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium is also orally active, making it suitable for diverse in vitro and in vivo research applications. -
Endogenous metabolites
Bicyclo-PGE2 is a stable decomposition product of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 13,14-dihydro-15-ketone PGE2. This compound is recognized for its relevance in studying the biological effects of endogenous metabolites. Its unique structure allows researchers to investigate the biochemical pathways influenced by prostaglandins and their role in various physiological processes. Bicyclo-PGE2 is a valuable tool for exploring cell signaling mechanisms and inflammatory responses in various biological systems. -
Hepatoprotective Agent
Tetrahydro bellidifolin is a hepatoprotective agent derived from the hydrolysis of tetrahydroswertianolin by β-glucosidase. It demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activity, effectively reducing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. This compound is valuable for research focused on liver injury and its protective mechanisms. -
Ilaprazole Metabolite
Ilaprazole sulfone is the primary metabolite of Ilaprazole, primarily formed through the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. As a metabolite of an oral proton pump inhibitor, Ilaprazole sulfone holds relevance in pharmacokinetic studies and the evaluation of drug interactions. Its examination may provide insights into the efficacy and safety profiles of proton pump inhibitors in clinical settings. -
FXR Agonist
Tauro-obeticholic acid is an active metabolite of obeticholic acid, functioning as a potent farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) agonist. This compound exhibits significant biological activity in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis and lipid metabolism. It is primarily utilized in research exploring metabolic disorders, liver diseases, and potential therapeutic interventions targeting FXR pathways. -
Endogenous Metabolite
N,N,O-Tridesmethylvenlafaxine is an endogenous metabolite of venlafaxine, primarily known for its role in modulating serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. This compound has been utilized in pharmacokinetic studies to assess drug metabolism and its effects on therapeutic outcomes. Its relevance in research extends to investigations of depression and anxiety disorders, facilitating a deeper understanding of the pharmacological profiles of related antidepressants. -
Drug Metabolite
5-O-Desmethyl omeprazole is a metabolic product of the proton pump inhibitor Omeprazole, generated through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes. This compound is crucial for studying drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, particularly in understanding the biotransformation of Omeprazole. Its analysis can provide insight into drug interactions and the therapeutic efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in clinical research. -
Moxifloxacin Metabolite
Moxifloxacin N-sulfate is a metabolite of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic moxifloxacin. This compound is primarily used in pharmacokinetic studies to better understand the metabolism and excretion of moxifloxacin in biological systems. Its analysis plays a crucial role in toxicology, safety assessment, and the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in various research applications. -
Endogenous Metabolite
3-Methylcrotonyl CoA is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a critical intermediate in the leucine catabolism pathway. It is converted to 3-Methylglutaconyl CoA via the enzyme 3-Methylcrotonyl CoA Carboxylase. Accumulation of 3-Methylglutaconyl CoA due to mutations in 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA Hydratase can result in metabolic disorders, such as 3MGA-uria. This compound is valuable for investigating metabolic diseases linked to disruptions in the leucine degradation pathway. -
MAO A Inhibitor
MD 770222 is a selective and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A). As a major O-demethyl metabolite of Cimoxatone, it exhibits notable inhibitory activity, albeit with reduced potency compared to its parent compound. This reagent is valuable in research focused on neurotransmitter modulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and the understanding of MAO A's role in various biological processes. -
NAMPT Activator
NAMPT activator-9 is an allosteric, non-competitive activator of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis, targeting the enzyme NAMPT with an EC50 of 3.366 μM. This compound enhances NAMPT's enzymatic activity, leading to increased intracellular NAD+ levels. Furthermore, NAMPT activator-9 has been shown to restore myotube diameter and decrease the expression of muscle atrophy markers Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, making it a valuable tool for research on muscle atrophy and related metabolic disorders. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Histone H1 (calf thymus) is a linker histone subtype that plays a crucial role in the organization and stabilization of chromatin structure within eukaryotic cells. This protein is involved in the regulation of gene expression and DNA compaction. It is primarily used in research applications related to epigenetics, chromatin biology, and studies on gene regulation mechanisms. Histone H1 is obtained through separation and purification from total calf thymus histones, ensuring high purity for experimental use. -
Endogenous Metabolite
D-Glucose-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of D-glucose, targeting metabolic pathways involving glucose. This compound serves as an effective metabolic tracer for studying glucose metabolism and synthetic catabolism. Additionally, it can be utilized as a synthesis ingredient, minimal media reagent, or internal standard in various biochemical assays. -
Endogenous Metabolite
L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester hydrochloride is a dipeptide derivative that targets endogenous metabolites. It selectively induces apoptosis in lymphocytes with cytotoxic capabilities and can trigger stress in the endolysosomal pathway. This compound is valuable for research applications involving immune response modulation and the study of cellular stress mechanisms. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is an endogenous metabolite that functions primarily as a methyl donor, facilitating the maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns. This compound is widely distributed in various food sources, including seafood, spinach, and wheat bran, and is recognized for its role as an osmolyte, helping to regulate cellular water and ion balance. In avian species, betaine enhances resilience to heat stress by preventing dehydration and osmotic inactivation, while also promoting beneficial microbial fermentation activity in the intestines under osmotic challenges. -
Endogenous Metabolite
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium is a sodium salt of an endogenous metabolite, primarily involved in energy metabolism and ketogenesis. Elevated levels of 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium are associated with type I diabetes and play a role in modulating membrane lipid properties, which can influence cellular functions. This compound is useful for research applications focused on metabolic diseases and the study of energy homeostasis. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Phenylacetylglutamine is an endogenous metabolite derived from the fermentation of amino acids by colonic microbiota. It plays a significant role in metabolic processes and can serve as an important biomarker in gastrointestinal research. This compound is utilized in studies examining microbial gut interactions and their influence on host metabolism. -
Endogenous Metabolite
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium is an endogenous metabolite primarily acting as a source of energy and metabolic precursor. It is produced from acetoacetic acid through the enzymatic action of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. This compound plays a vital role in cellular metabolism, serving as a nutritional source and a precursor for the synthesis of various compounds, including vitamins, antibiotics, and pheromones, making it valuable for diverse biochemical research applications. -
Endogenous Metabolite
N-Lactoyl-Phenylalanine is an endogenous metabolite that functions as a signaling molecule, particularly induced through exercise. This compound exhibits biological activities that include the reduction of obesity and the enhancement of glucose tolerance. It offers potential applications in metabolic research and the study of exercise physiology. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Glycerol is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a key component in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Its ability to stabilize proteins and nucleic acids makes it essential for effective separation and analysis in various biochemical studies. Glycerol is widely utilized in molecular biology and biochemistry laboratories to enhance the resolution and integrity of electrophoretic samples. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Sphingomyelin is an endogenous metabolite and a critical sphingolipid found predominantly in eukaryotic cell membranes, particularly within the myelin sheath enveloping neuronal axons. It is essential for various cellular processes, including the regulation of inflammatory responses and signal transduction pathways. Dysregulation of sphingomyelin metabolism has been implicated in several conditions, including central nervous system diseases and Niemann-Pick disease, making it a significant target for research in neurobiology and metabolic disorders. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Mevalonic acid lithium salt is a critical endogenous metabolite in the mevalonate pathway, vital for cellular growth and proliferation. This compound effectively counteracts the inhibitive effects of Simvastatin on C2C12 cell viability in vitro. Its applications extend to research in myopathy and heart failure, making it a valuable tool for studying related metabolic processes. -
Endogenous Metabolite
5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid is the primary metabolite of serotonin, serving as an important endogenous biomarker. It is utilized in the assessment of neuroendocrine tumors, aiding in both diagnosis and monitoring of these malignancies. This compound plays a significant role in the study of serotonin metabolism and related pathophysiological conditions. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) serves as a significant endogenous metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). MEHP is known to enhance fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes through the modulation of gene and protein expression, thereby playing a critical role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This compound is valuable for research investigating metabolic disorders, liver function, and the impact of environmental phthalates on health. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound that acts as an endogenous metabolite. It demonstrates neuroprotective properties, making it valuable for research in neurobiology and the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it may play a role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby contributing to cellular protection. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Phosphorylethanolamine, an endogenous metabolite, serves as a crucial precursor for phosphatidylcholine and is integral to membrane phospholipid composition. Its presence in various animal tissues and human tumors underscores its role in maintaining membrane integrity, facilitating cell division, and supporting mitochondrial respiratory function. Alterations in phosphorylethanolamine levels have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as influencing insulin signaling in the liver. This compound is valuable for research in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic disease studies. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, an endogenous metabolite derived from the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid, serves as a valuable biochemical tool in research. This compound is utilized to synthesize analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin, contributing to studies on plant defense mechanisms. Additionally, Indole-3-carboxaldehyde has been shown to enhance the epithelial barrier and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in the intestinal tract, making it relevant for research in gastrointestinal health and inflammation. -
Endogenous Metabolite
D-Fructose-6-phosphate disodium is an endogenous metabolite primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It serves as an important intermediate in both the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. This compound is useful for investigating the activities of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and transaldolase. Additionally, D-Fructose-6-phosphate disodium can be employed in studies related to Lewy body dementia, enhancing understanding of metabolic perturbations in this condition. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an endogenous metabolite and a bile acid-glycine conjugate derived from ursodeoxycholic acid. This acyl glycine plays a significant role in bile acid metabolism and modulation of gut microbiota. Research applications include investigating its potential effects on liver function, metabolic disorders, and gastrointestinal health. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Riboflavin phosphate sodium, also known as flavin mononucleotide (FMN-Na), acts as an endogenous metabolite and is a derivative of riboflavin (vitamin B2), a vital nutrient for animals. This compound plays a significant role in NAD+ recycling and is utilized in research related to progressive keratoconus, corneal ectasia, and irregular astigmatism. Its biological activity makes it a valuable reagent for studies focused on visual health and metabolic processes. -
Endogenous Metabolite
DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) primarily functions as an endogenous metabolite involved in the modulation of cellular processes. It exhibits a broad range of biological activities, including neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, and reproductive toxic effects in various organisms. DEHP serves as a critical compound for research related to toxicology, environmental exposure studies, and the investigation of endocrine disruption mechanisms. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Lanosterol is an endogenous metabolite that plays a crucial role in cholesterol biosynthesis. It has been shown to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of HMG CoA reductase, a key regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Additionally, lanosterol exhibits protective effects by suppressing the aggregation and cytotoxicity of misfolded proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on cholesterol metabolism and neurodegenerative processes. -
Endogenous Metabolite
DL-Isocitric acid trisodium salt is an endogenous metabolite that serves as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. It is important for cellular respiration and energy production. This compound can be utilized as a biochemical marker for the analysis of isocitrate composition in fruit products, aiding in nutritional studies and quality assessments. -
Endogenous Metabolite
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite primarily formed from acetoacetic acid via the enzymatic action of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. This compound serves significant biological functions as an energy source and plays a critical role as a precursor for various biosynthetic pathways, including the production of vitamins, antibiotics, and pheromones. Its applications are valuable in metabolic studies and nutritional research. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Indole is a naturally occurring aromatic heterocyclic compound that acts as an endogenous metabolite in various biological systems. It plays a crucial role in bacterial physiology by mediating processes such as spore formation, plasmid stability, drug resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence through intercellular signaling. This compound is essential for research in microbial signaling and pathogenicity, making it valuable for studies in microbiology and infectious disease. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid recognized for its role as an endogenous metabolite. This compound demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity primarily through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. Its properties make it a valuable tool for investigating neurodegenerative diseases and related pathologies. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Adrenic Acid (cis-7,10,13,16-Docosatetraenoic acid) is an endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly found in the adrenal gland, brain, kidney, and vascular tissues. It plays a crucial role in regulating vascular tone in the arteries of the adrenal cortex. Additionally, Adrenic Acid has been implicated as an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, making it a valuable compound for research in vascular biology and metabolic disorders. -
Endogenous Metabolite
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite derived from polyphenols that exhibits antioxidative properties. This compound plays a significant role in cellular defense mechanisms by inducing the expression of Nrf2, a key regulator of antioxidant response. Its research applications include studying the effects of microbiota on metabolism and exploring therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress-related conditions. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Cinnamic acid is an endogenous metabolite known for its potential in cancer intervention. It exhibits significant cytotoxic effects with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 4.5 mM across various cancer cell lines, including glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate, and lung carcinoma. This compound serves as a valuable research tool for investigating cancer biology and therapeutic strategies. -
Endogenous Metabolite
7-Ketolithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid) is an endogenous metabolite and a bile acid known for its capacity to modulate bile acid synthesis. It effectively suppresses the production of endogenous bile acids and inhibits biliary cholesterol secretion. This compound is valuable for research applications related to cholesterol metabolism and bile acid signaling pathways. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide that serves as a signaling molecule in the mammalian nervous system. It plays a role in various biological processes, including sleep regulation and inflammatory responses. Oleamide is utilized in research to investigate its effects on neurotransmission and neuroprotection, as well as its potential therapeutic applications in sleep disorders and neuroinflammation. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Isocitric acid is an endogenous metabolite that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly within saliva and the cellular cytoplasm. This compound is significant for research into neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Lewy Body Dementia, as well as conditions related to anoxia. Its involvement in the tricarboxylic acid cycle makes it a valuable reagent for metabolic studies and related biochemical investigations. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a 20-carbon ω-6 fatty acid that primarily acts as an endogenous metabolite. It exhibits notable anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities, making it relevant for research involving inflammation and cancer biology. DGLA has also been shown to attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mouse models, providing a valuable tool for studying cardiovascular diseases and related metabolic disorders. -
Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Intermediate
SAICAR is a key intermediate in the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. It selectively activates the pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) with an EC50 of 0.3 mM, enhancing the enzymatic activity. This compound is particularly relevant for research into cancer cell metabolism, as it promotes survival under glucose-limited conditions, making it a valuable tool in the investigation of tumor biology and metabolic regulation. -
Endogenous Metabolite
Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (ADP ribose) is an endogenous metabolite that plays a critical role in cellular signaling and regulation. It is primarily involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and the modulation of gene expression. ADP ribose serves as a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases and is integral to various biological processes, including cell repair and apoptosis. This compound is valuable for research applications related to DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling. -
Bile Pigment
Biliverdin is a tetrapyrrolic pigment primarily involved in heme catabolism, generated through the enzymatic action of heme oxidase. This compound plays a significant role in mediating the protective effects of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in various disease models, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and organ transplantation. Biliverdin possesses notable biological activities, including anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties, making it a valuable tool in research related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. -
Endogenous Metabolite
TRIA-662 (1-Methylnicotinamide chloride) is an endogenous metabolite known for its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. This compound plays a significant role in various biological processes and has potential applications in research related to thrombosis and inflammation. Its ability to modulate these pathways makes it a valuable tool for studying cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. -
Endogenous Metabolite
D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosine is a potent inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), a key enzyme involved in phospholipid metabolism and inflammatory processes. Its inhibition of cPLA2α activity makes it a valuable tool for research into lipid signaling pathways and inflammatory diseases. This endogenous metabolite can be utilized in studies aimed at understanding the regulatory mechanisms of cell membrane dynamics and associated pathophysiological conditions. -
Carboxylesterase
Esterase, pig liver is a type of carboxylesterase known for its role in the hydrolysis of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous substrates. This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of carboxylic acid esters into corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids, facilitating important biochemical reactions. Its extensive distribution in mammalian liver makes it a valuable tool in biochemical research, particularly for studies involving ester metabolism and enzyme kinetics. -
Phenoloxidase Inhibitor
Phenylthiourea, a phenoloxidase inhibitor, effectively blocks the enzymatic oxidation of DOPA with a Ki value of 0.21 μM. This compound is recognized as a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, making it valuable in research focused on melanin synthesis and pigmentation processes. Its use can result in observable physiological effects, such as the graying of hair in black rats, highlighting its impact on melanin formation. Phenylthiourea is essential for studies investigating the roles of phenoloxidase and tyrosinase in various biological systems.
