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Fatty acids and derivatives include saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain acids together with their esters. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains, and they form the acyl components of most membrane and storage lipids. Polyunsaturated examples are α-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid, and arachidonic acid, the omega-6 precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Nonadecanoic acid is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid that appears as a reference compound in lipid analysis. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), such as methyl oleate, are standard analytes in gas chromatography of lipids. 10-OAHSA belongs to the fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), a lipid class found in mammalian adipose tissue. Dicarboxylic acids such as sebacic acid are listed as well.
Δ2-cis-Hexadecenoic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid derived from the hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharides. This compound plays a significant role in various biological processes, including membrane fluidity and signaling pathways. It is of interest in research applications related to inflammation, immune response, and cellular metabolism.
11,12-DiHETrE is a dihydroxy fatty acid metabolite of arachidonic acid, primarily targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity. This compound is closely associated with pathways involving inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a valuable marker for differentiating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL) from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Additionally, 11,12-DiHETrE plays a significant role in research related to conditions such as preterm birth, autism, and pulmonary hypertension, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of these complex biological processes.
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(±)14(15)-DiHETE is an oxylipin derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid. This metabolite plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory processes and cellular signaling pathways. (±)14(15)-DiHETE is commonly utilized in research exploring the effects of lipid mediators on inflammation and cardiovascular health.
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(±)7(8)-EpDTE is an oxylipin and a notable oxidative metabolite of docosapentaenoic acid. This compound plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including inflammation and cellular signaling. Its application in research includes studying lipid metabolism and the effects of fatty acid-derived metabolites in physiological and pathological contexts.
19(R),20(S)-EDP is an oxylipin derived from docosahexaenoic acid. It plays a critical role in various biological processes, including inflammation and cell signaling. This compound serves as a valuable reagent for research in lipid metabolism and the study of fatty acid-derived signaling pathways.
(±)19(20)-EpDTE is an oxylipin derived from the oxidative metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid. This compound is important for studying the biological effects of fatty acid metabolites, particularly in the context of lipid signaling and inflammation. Its unique structure allows for investigation into its role in various biological processes and its potential implications in metabolic disorders and cardiovascular research.
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl pentadecanoate is a monoacylglycerol known for its role in lipid metabolism. This compound exhibits significant biological activity, particularly in modulating lipid accumulation, as evidenced by increased levels in a HepaRG cell-based model of hepatic steatosis induced by BSA-conjugated palmitate. Its unique properties make it a valuable reagent for research in metabolic disorders and lipid-related studies.
Synonyms: 2,3-Dinor-8-isoPGF2α
2,3-Dinor-8-iso prostaglandin F₂α is a key β-oxidation metabolite of 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α, serving as a crucial biomarker for assessing in vivo production levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α and lipid peroxidation. This compound is valuable in research applications focused on oxidative stress-related diseases, including arteriosclerosis and diabetes, providing insights into mechanisms of disease pathology and potential therapeutic strategies.
Synonyms: Tetracosanoic acid
Lignoceric acid, also known as tetracosanoic acid, is a 24-carbon saturated fatty acid that plays a significant role in brain development. This fatty acid is a by-product of lignin production and is implicated in various metabolic pathways. Lignoceric acid is utilized in research focused on rare genetic disorders, including Zellweger cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome and adrenoleukodystrophy, aiding in understanding their underlying biochemical mechanisms.
Oleoylcarnitine is a metabolite that inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation, leading to its accumulation and subsequent enhancement of hepatocarcinogenesis through the activation of STAT3. Its role as a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) makes it significant in cancer research. Oleoylcarnitine serves as a valuable tool for studying metabolic pathways and their implications in liver cancer progression.
Synonyms: CXA-10; 10-Nitrooleate
10-Nitrooleic acid is a nitro fatty acid that exhibits anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. It is particularly relevant in research focused on oxidative stress, tissue injury, and inflammatory diseases. This compound serves as a valuable tool in studying mechanisms of fibrosis and tissue damage while offering insights into therapeutic strategies for conditions associated with chronic inflammation.
Synonyms: Immunocytophyt sodium salt
Arachidonic acid sodium salt is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid primarily involved in cellular membrane structure. As a crucial substrate for the synthesis of lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, this compound plays a significant role in inflammatory responses and various physiological processes. Research applications encompass studies in neurobiology and cardiovascular health, highlighting its impact on cognitive function and cardiovascular performance.
Linoleyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine that plays a role in fatty acid metabolism. It has been observed to exhibit a negative correlation with pantothenic acid and citric acid levels in serum, particularly within the liver. Additionally, linoleyl carnitine accumulation is associated with mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency, making it relevant for research on metabolic disorders and mitochondrial function.
11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-Eicosatrienoic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid known for its role in cellular metabolism. This compound supports the maintenance and replication of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, making it a valuable tool for researchers studying mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Its applications extend to investigations of fatty acid impact on cellular processes and mitochondrial health.
Heneicosanoic acid is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid that serves as a crucial component in cell membranes, particularly in the nervous system and is found in human milk and various seeds. Its ability to form Langmuir monolayers makes it a valuable model for studying lipid self-assembly and disassembly processes, which are essential for understanding biological membrane dynamics and drug delivery mechanisms. Additionally, Heneicosanoic acid exhibits local oscillations in low-temperature crystalline phases, promoting the spontaneous formation and expulsion of micelles and vesicles, making it significant for research in lipid biology and pharmaceutical applications.
2-Hydroxypalmitic acid serves as an intermediate in the phytosphingosine metabolic pathway, specifically involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. This compound is primarily integrated into sphingolipids rather than other lipid classes, facilitating the generation of odd-carbon phosphatidylcholine species. Research applications include studies related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection, providing insights into lipid metabolism and related cellular processes.
Decanoylcarnitine is a fatty ester lipid and an acylcarnitine derivative that plays a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids. It is associated with impaired fatty acid metabolism, particularly in the elderly, making it a valuable biomarker for studies related to metabolic disorders and aging. This compound is useful for research applications focused on mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and metabolic diseases.
Synonyms: 3-Hydroxypalmitic acid; 3HHA
3-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (3-Hydroxypalmitic acid; 3HHA) is a long-chain fatty acid that plays a critical role in lipid metabolism. This compound is significant in the study of metabolic disorders, particularly in relation to long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency. Researchers utilize 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid to investigate its biological pathways and implications in fatty acid oxidation and metabolic regulation.
Prostaglandin B2 primarily targets prostaglandin signaling pathways. It plays a significant role in inhibiting dendritic cell-T cell proliferation, making it relevant for studies in immunology and stem cell research. Additionally, Prostaglandin B2 induces cutaneous vasoconstriction, demonstrated in canine models, which can be useful in exploring vascular responses and potential therapeutic applications.
Hypogeic acid is a mono-unsaturated fatty acid known for its role in modulating various biological processes. This compound can be isolated from autotrophic bacterial cultures, particularly those involved in sulfate accumulation in biofilters. Its unique properties may offer insights into microbial lipid metabolism and potential applications in bioremediation research.
Coixenolide is a fatty acid ester that demonstrates notable anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and analgesic properties. It exhibits a dual effect on muscle tissues by stimulating at low doses and inhibiting at higher concentrations, while also promoting pulmonary venous dilation and improving blood circulation in the lungs. In research applications, Coixenolide enhances mycelia biomass and polysaccharide production in Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultures and affects the synthesis of key enzymes such as phosphoglucose isomerase and α-phosphoglucomutase, making it valuable for studies in nutraceutical and functional food development.
Synonyms: 9Z,11E-CLA; Methyl 9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate; (9Z,11E)-SFE 19:2
9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester is an isomer of linoleic acid and functions as a bioactive fatty acid. It has demonstrated beneficial effects on body composition and immune system enhancement, along with anti-cancer and anti-atherosclerotic properties. This compound is valuable for research in nutritional science, immunology, and cancer studies, providing insights into fatty acid metabolism and its implications on health.
Synonyms: DL-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride
(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid metabolite that plays a crucial role in the breakdown of fatty acids for energy production within the body. This compound serves as a reliable biomarker for assessing skeletal muscle toxicity in rat models, particularly in studies evaluating drug effects such as cerivastatin and TMPD. Additionally, (±)-Hexanoylcarnitine has been implicated in type 2 diabetes research, where it is associated with improved predictions of all-cause mortality. Its utility as a biomarker facilitates the identification of novel pathogenic pathways in metabolic disorders.
Synonyms: 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid
Mead acid (5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid) is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that serves as a biomarker for essential fatty acid deficiency. It is involved in various biological processes and can be utilized in studies assessing lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cellular signaling pathways. Mead acid's unique composition allows it to provide insight into fatty acid profiles and their impact on health, making it valuable in nutritional and biomedical research.
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Synonyms: trans-9-Tetradecenoic acid
Myristelaidic acid, also known as trans-9-tetradecenoic acid, is a 14-carbon trans fatty acid that serves as the trans isomer of myristoleic acid. This compound is primarily found in various animal fats and is of interest due to its implications in dietary studies and lipid metabolism. Research applications often involve investigating the effects of trans fatty acids on human health, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease and inflammation.
