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Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and activators act on a family of lipid-regulated serine/threonine kinases. Conventional PKC isoforms require calcium and diacylglycerol, novel isoforms need only diacylglycerol, and atypical isoforms respond to neither. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters mimic diacylglycerol and were shown in 1982 to activate PKC directly. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is the standard activator of this kind, and ingenol mebutate also activates several isoforms. Staurosporine was first described as a PKC inhibitor but blocks a wide range of protein kinases. Enzastaurin is selective for PKCβ, while GO6983 and Ro 31-8220 mesylate inhibit multiple conventional and novel isoforms.
PF-04577806 is a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. It demonstrates strong inhibitory activity against PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCγ, and PKCθ, with IC50 values of 2.4 nM, 8.1 nM, 6.9 nM, 45.9 nM, and 29.5 nM, respectively. This compound is utilized in research related to retinal vascular leakage, particularly in models of diabetes.
PF-03622905 is a highly selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, demonstrating IC50 values of 5.6 nM for PKCα, 14.5 nM for PKCβI, 13 nM for PKCβII, 37.7 nM for PKCγ, and 74.1 nM for PKCθ. This compound exhibits strong specificity for PKC, making it a valuable tool for research applications focused on cell signaling pathways, cancer biology, and therapeutic development targeting PKC-related diseases.
CRT0066854 hydrochloride is a selective inhibitor of atypical protein kinases C (PKCs). It demonstrates potent inhibition against full-length PKCι, PKCζ, and ROCK-II kinases, with IC50 values of 132 nM, 639 nM, and 620 nM, respectively. This compound is valuable for research applications involving cell signaling, cancer biology, and the study of neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights into the role of PKCs in various biological processes.
Synonyms: DAPH-7
CGP-53353 is a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that exhibits IC50 values of 0.41 μM for PKCβII and 3.8 μM for PKCβI. This compound effectively inhibits glucose-induced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC) and A10 cells. CGP-53353 serves as a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis in diabetic populations.
Synonyms: GF109203X hydrochloride; Go 6850 hydrochloride
Bisindolylmaleimide I hydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of Protein Kinase C (PKC), exhibiting inhibition with IC50 values of 20 nM, 17 nM, 16 nM, and 20 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, and PKCγ respectively. Additionally, it serves as an inhibitor of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK-3). This compound is valuable in research investigating signal transduction pathways and cell proliferation, making it a crucial tool for studies in cancer, neurobiology, and cardiology.
NSC668394 is a selective inhibitor of ezrin phosphorylation at threonine 567, exhibiting a Kd of 12.59 μM. This compound effectively prevents the phosphorylation of ezrin induced by PKCΙ through direct binding, thereby interfering with key signaling pathways. NSC668394 is primarily utilized in research focused on inhibiting tumor metastasis and studying ezrin's role in cancer progression.
R59949 is a pan diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor that exhibits an IC50 of 300 nM. This compound effectively inhibits the activity of type I DGK α and γ, while also moderately reducing the activity of type II DGK θ and κ. Additionally, R59949 promotes the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by increasing endogenous diacylglycerol levels. It serves as a valuable tool for studying DGK and PKC signaling pathways in various biological contexts.
PKN1/2-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase N isoforms 1 and 2 (PKN1 and PKN2), demonstrating IC50 values of 16 nM and 210 nM, respectively, along with Ki values of 8 nM and 108 nM. This compound effectively permeates cell membranes and shows significant binding affinity for PKN2, as indicated by NanoBRET assays (IC50 = 2.1 μM). PKN1/2-IN-1 is valuable for investigating physiological processes, particularly in research focused on tumor cell migration and related signaling pathways.
CC-90005 is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ), exhibiting an IC50 of 8 nM. This compound demonstrates considerable selectivity for PKC-θ over PKC-δ, with an IC50 of 4440 nM. CC-90005 effectively inhibits T cell activation by downregulating IL-2 expression, making it a valuable tool for research in immunology and T cell signaling pathways.
ZIP is a selective peptide inhibitor of Protein Kinase M zeta (PKMζ), which plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and memory processes. This compound effectively impairs morphine-induced conditioned place preference, making it a valuable tool for studying addiction and the molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation. Research applications include investigating the role of PKMζ in memory reinforcement and the modulation of synaptic strength.
Synonyms: Proanthocyanidin A1
Procyanidin A1 is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, effectively blocking degranulation processes in response to PKC activation and calcium influx in RBL-213 mast cells. This compound exhibits significant antiallergic properties, making it valuable for research applications focused on allergic responses and related signaling pathways. Its ability to modulate cellular activities makes Procyanidin A1 a useful tool in studying allergic mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies.
N-Desmethyltamoxifen hydrochloride is a prominent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). As the primary metabolite of tamoxifen, it exhibits ten-fold greater potency against PKC compared to its predecessor. Additionally, this compound effectively regulates ceramide metabolism in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells by limiting ceramide glycosylation, hydrolysis, and sphingosine phosphorylation. Its properties make it valuable for research in cancer biology and metabolic regulation.
H-7 dihydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), effectively blocking its activity. At a concentration of 100 μM, H-7 dihydrochloride completely inhibits ornithine decarboxylase induction stimulated by both TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) and phospholipase C. This reagent is widely utilized in research to investigate PKC-related signaling pathways and its role in cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation.
Synonyms: CGP049090
Cercosporin is a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor derived from the plant pathogen Pseudocercosporella capsellae. This compound acts as an effective photosensitizer due to its short activation wavelength, making it particularly suitable for superficial photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications where avoiding tissue perforation is crucial. With an IC50 ranging from 0.6 to 1.3 μM, cercosporin showcases significant biological activity in modulating cellular signaling pathways, contributing to its potential utility in cancer research and therapeutic development.
Aurothiomalate sodium is a selective inhibitor of the oncogenic protein kinase C iota (PKCι), demonstrating significant potential in cancer research. This compound effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation while having minimal effects on cell apoptosis, highlighting its unique mechanism of action. Additionally, Aurothiomalate sodium acts as a potent inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and possesses anti-tumor properties, making it a valuable tool for investigating signaling pathways involved in cancer biology and therapeutic responses. Its anti-rheumatic properties further extend its relevance in related biomedical studies.
PS432 is a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, demonstrating IC50 values of 16.9 μM for PKCι and 18.5 μM for PKCζ. This compound effectively reduces the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and inhibits tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. It serves as a valuable tool for research applications targeting PKC signaling pathways in cancer biology.
Protein kinase inhibitor H-7 is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, exhibiting a Ki of 6 μM for PKC. This compound has been widely used in research to investigate the role of PKC in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and cell proliferation. Additionally, H-7 serves as a valuable tool in studies focused on the modulation of kinases and their associated pathways.
Synonyms: ISIS 3521 sodium
Aprinocarsen sodium is a specific antisense oligonucleotide that targets protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α), functioning as a potent inhibitor. This 20-mer oligonucleotide modulates cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation. In vivo studies demonstrate its ability to inhibit the growth of human tumor cell lines in nude mice, highlighting its potential utility as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of various human cancers.
Synonyms: Bis II
Bisindolylmaleimide II is a potent inhibitor of Protein Kinase C (PKC) isoforms, serving as a valuable tool for dissecting PKC-related signaling pathways. Its inhibitory effect on all PKC subtypes makes it useful in studies investigating cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This compound is widely applied in research aiming to elucidate the role of PKC in various disease models, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
SBI-0087702 is a selective inhibitor of ATF2, primarily targeting its phosphorylation at Thr52 by PKCε. This reagent induces the translocation of ATF2 to the mitochondria in melanoma cells, leading to enhanced apoptosis through the disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Additionally, SBI-0087702 demonstrates significant effects on reducing both the growth and motility of melanoma cells, making it a valuable compound for research into cancer biology and therapeutic applications.
Bacopaside I is a selective AQP1 inhibitor and protein kinase C (PKC) modulator with notable neuroprotective and anticancer properties. It specifically inhibits the water channel and cGMP-gated ion channel activities of AQP1, thereby reducing the migration of AQP1-expressing colon cancer cells. Additionally, Bacopaside I activates the Akt pathway through PI3K interaction, inhibits MAO-A, and mitigates neuron necrosis and apoptosis due to oxygen-glucose deprivation, while lowering oxidative stress and modulating neuroreceptor expression. This compound is relevant for research in colon cancer, breast cancer, vascular dementia, cerebral ischemia, and associated diseases.
Protein Kinase Inhibitor 9 is a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase activity. It demonstrates significant anti-proliferative effects, making it valuable for cancer research and the study of hyperproliferative disorders. Additionally, this compound can be applied in investigations related to rheumatoid arthritis, immune system dysfunctions, transplant rejections, and inflammatory disorders.
Bisindolylmaleimide III is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), effectively disrupting its activity. This compound selectively engages with PKCα or ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 following their activation, making it a valuable tool in dissecting PKC-related signaling pathways. It is widely utilized in cancer research and studies investigating cell growth and differentiation.
PKCTheta-IN-2 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) with an IC50 value of 0.25 nM. This compound demonstrates exceptional selectivity for PKCθ over more than 30 other kinases within the PKC subfamily. PKCTheta-IN-2 effectively inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in murine models, exhibiting an IC50 of 682 nM. Its use in research is particularly relevant for studies involving T cell signaling and autoimmune disorders.
Synonyms: CGP62221; O-Desmethyl PKC412
O-Desmethyl Midostaurin is the active metabolite of Midostaurin, produced through cytochrome P450 liver enzyme metabolism. This compound serves as a valuable biomarker for assessing Midostaurin metabolism in vivo. Additionally, Midostaurin itself is known for being a multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor, demonstrating IC50 values ranging from 22-500 nM. O-Desmethyl Midostaurin can be utilized in various biological studies concerning drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
