Monoamine Transporter

Apigenin, found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally-occurring glycosides. Apigenin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property. Apigenin is a ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors that competitively inhibited the binding of flunitrazepam with a Ki of 4μM, exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects.

Luteolin is a PDE4 inhibitor, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and an interleukin 6 inhibitor, affecting xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Luteolin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, and is one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property.

GZ-793A is a selective inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), which transports the monoamine neurotransmitters from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles.

Valbenazine is a potent and selective VMAT2 inhibitor.

Tetrabenazine Racemate (Ro 1-9569 Racemate) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2).