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Biochemical Assay Reagents collects small molecules used to prepare, run and calibrate biochemical and cell-based assays. Vitamins and cofactors such as niacin, riboflavin and biotin sit alongside sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids such as L-arginine. Enzyme substrates and metal-ion chelators complete the range, including the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Three subcategories group related reagents, namely Carbohydrates & Glycobiology, Acyl-CoA & Cofactors for acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) compounds, and Chelators & Bifunctional Chelators. Most of these compounds act as substrates, cofactors, standards or buffer components rather than as inhibitors of a defined target.
Aminoacetone hydrochloride serves as a substrate for semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). This compound plays a role in the metabolism of threonine and glycine, and it is utilized in the assessment of SSAO enzymatic activity. Its application is essential in understanding SSAO-related metabolic pathways and potential therapeutic targets.
1-Acetyl-DHAP is a substrate for the phosphotriesterase homology protein (PHP), exhibiting a kcat/km value of 100 M-1s-1 during hydrolysis. It is intricately involved in cellular metabolism and influences the regulation of histone acetylation. Additionally, the levels of 1-Acetyl-DHAP are modulated by mTORC1 and negatively correlate with nuclear acetate levels, making it a valuable tool for research into metabolic pathways and epigenetic regulation.
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4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide serves as a substrate for N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase (NAGase), facilitating precise and efficient enzymatic assays for this target. Its high solubility and stability make it an ideal choice for biochemical studies. This compound is particularly valuable in research applications focused on renal tubular injury and related pathophysiological conditions.
Synonyms: 2-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside
ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) serves as a colorimetric and spectrophotometric substrate for β-galactosidase detection. This compound is hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase to release o-nitrophenol, resulting in a measurable color change, making it useful for quantifying enzyme activity in various biological assays. Its applications extend to molecular biology, microbiology, and enzymology research, facilitating studies on gene expression and metabolic functions.
L-p-Boronophenylalanine is a boron-containing substrate that selectively targets L-type amino acid transporters (LAT1 and LAT2). By competing with natural amino acids, it facilitates the uptake of boron into tumor cells, making it useful in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Upon exposure to thermal neutrons, boron-10 undergoes a nuclear reaction that generates high-energy alpha particles, effectively inducing cell death in cancer cells, particularly in glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma, while minimizing damage to adjacent healthy tissues.
Synonyms: Serratia marcescens nuclease
Serratia marcescens nuclease (EC 3.1.30.2) is a nonspecific nuclease recognized for its effective cleavage of both DNA and RNA substrates. Its robust enzymatic activity allows for versatile applications in nucleic acid manipulation, including genomic analysis and molecular biology techniques. This reagent serves as an essential tool for researchers engaged in studies requiring the degradation of nucleic acids.
Synonyms: p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate
4-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate serves as a phosphotyrosine-like substrate and is primarily utilized in activity assays for protein tyrosine phosphatases. This colorless compound undergoes hydrolysis to yield the yellow 4-nitrophenolate ion, allowing for quantitative monitoring via absorbance at 405 nm. It is a valuable tool for researchers investigating the enzymatic activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases in various biological contexts.
Synonyms: S-Acetylthiocholine iodide; ATCh iodide
Acetylthiocholine iodide serves as a substrate for enzymes such as cholinesterase, enabling the quantification of enzyme activity levels. This compound is utilized in various biochemical assays and has applications in medical research, particularly in neuroscience and organ physiology studies. Its role in enzyme activity determination makes it a valuable reagent for investigating cholinergic signaling pathways.
4-Ethynylbenzoic acid is a biochemical reagent that acts as a versatile click chemistry substrate due to its alkyne functionality. It readily participates in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc), facilitating the attachment of azide-containing molecules in various biological applications. This compound is ideal for use in bioconjugation studies, enabling researchers to explore complex biochemical interactions and develop new chemical entities in life science research.
Synonyms: ctDNA sodium; Type I; fibers; DNA sodium; from calf thymus; Thymonucleic acid sodium
Deoxyribonucleic acid sodium, from calf thymus, Type I, fibers, serves as a substrate for DNA polymerase. This purified sodium salt form of calf thymus DNA provides a double-stranded template that is essential for studying DNA interactions with binding agents, as well as elucidating the structure and function of DNA. It is also applicable in DNA quantification assays and enzymatic activities involving DNA polymerase.
X-alpha-Gal is a chromogenic substrate that targets β-galactopyranoside to efficiently screen for colonies exhibiting high β-galactosidase activity. Additionally, it serves as a detector for α-galactosidase activity. This reagent is valuable in yeast two-hybrid screening for the activation of the MEL1 gene, as well as in confirming protein interactions when used with Matchmaker GAL4-based products.
Proteinase, Aspergillus oryzae is a serine protease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in protein substrates, with optimal activity at alkaline pH 10.5. This enzyme effectively degrades proteins such as casein, poly-L-glutamic acid, and poly-L-lysine, and its activity can be irreversibly inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate and potato inhibitor. Due to its high yield in solid-state fermentation, this proteinase is widely utilized in food processing applications, including soy sauce fermentation, as well as in the detergent and leather industries.
Synonyms: Boc-Leu-Arg-Arg-AMC
Boc-LRR-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate designed to detect the trypsin-like activity of both the 26S proteasome and the 20S proteasome core. Its highly sensitive fluorescence allows for precise measurement of proteasomal activity in various biological samples. Boc-LRR-AMC is valuable for research applications involving protein degradation, cellular regulation, and proteasome function assessment.
Synonyms: Cyclopent-2-enone
2-Cyclopentenone is a cycloalkenone that serves as a substrate for the synthesis of O-ethoxycarbonyl cyanohydrins. It undergoes a reaction with ethyl cyanoformate in the presence of DMAP, facilitating the formation of these important intermediates. Its utility in biochemical assays and organic synthesis makes it a valuable reagent in chemical research and development.
Biotin-naphthylamine serves as a substrate for ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2). This biotinylated biochemical assay reagent is utilized as a novel probe for the labeling of DNA and RNA. Its specificity enhances the study of nucleic acids in various biological applications, providing researchers with a powerful tool for advanced molecular investigations.
S-n-Butyrylthiocholine iodide functions as a substrate for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). This chemical reagent is primarily utilized in biochemical assays to study enzyme activity and kinetics, providing valuable insights into the role of BChE in various physiological processes. Its application is essential for in vitro enzymatic experiments, contributing to the understanding of cholinergic signaling and related biochemical pathways.
Synonyms: 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-Benzyl-D-galactose
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-D-galactopyranose is a biochemical reagent utilized as a substrate in glycosylation reactions. It serves as a valuable tool for studying carbohydrate chemistry and enzyme kinetics, particularly in the context of galactoside synthesis. This compound is also applicable in various assays for exploring biochemical pathways involving galactose derivatives.
4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid is an aromatic compound utilized as a growth substrate for Bordetella sp. strain 10d. It serves as a carbon, nitrogen, and energy source, promoting microbial growth. Additionally, this compound functions as a substrate for key enzymatic activities including 2-amino-5-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde deaminase and 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase, making it valuable for metabolic studies and biochemical research.
4-Aminophenylacetic acid is a biochemical assay reagent that serves as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions. It is utilized in the study of biological pathways and the characterization of enzyme activity. This compound is valuable in life science research, particularly in assays examining amine-related biochemical processes.
Synonyms: p-Nitrophenyl phosphate
4-Nitrophenyl phosphate is a phosphotyrosine-like substrate commonly employed in activity assays for protein tyrosine phosphatases. This colorless compound hydrolyzes to yield a yellow 4-nitrophenolate ion, which can be quantitatively measured by absorbance at 405 nm. Its utility in biochemical assays makes it essential for research in signaling pathways and enzyme activity studies.
N-Acetyl-α-D-glucosamine is a biochemical assay reagent that serves as a substrate for various enzymes, including glycosyltransferases. It plays a crucial role in cellular processes such as glycosylation and cell signaling. This compound is widely utilized in research focused on carbohydrate metabolism, cell biology, and the study of glycoconjugates.
6-Methyltetrahydropterin dihydrochloride is a biochemical assay reagent primarily utilized as a substrate for tyrosine hydroxylase in enzymatic activity assays. This compound plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of catecholamines and is essential for studying various neurological and metabolic processes. Its application extends to investigating enzyme kinetics and evaluating regulatory mechanisms in biochemical pathways.
Inulinase is a biochemical reagent targeting the hydrolysis of inulin and inulin-containing substrates. It exhibits significant enzymatic activity in the production of inulooligosaccharides, which can be utilized in various biotechnological applications. Inulinase sourced from yeast demonstrates effective hydrolyzing capabilities towards sucrose and levan-type fructans, making it valuable for research in carbohydrate metabolism and fermentation processes.
Fast Blue BB salt is a biochemical assay reagent primarily used as a chromogenic substrate in histochemical staining and enzyme assays. It serves as an indicator for the activity of various enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase and other hydrolases. Its application is crucial in studying enzymatic reactions and cellular processes in diverse biological research contexts.
BGN3 is a benzyl-guanine substrate, specifically designed for use with SNAP-tag and H5 enzymes, demonstrating IC50 values of 15.6 μM and 23.5 μM, respectively. This compound is a versatile click chemistry reagent, featuring an azide group that enables copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with alkyne-containing molecules. Additionally, BGN3 can participate in strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with reactive partners such as DBCO or BCN groups, facilitating a variety of labeling and bioconjugation applications in chemical biology research.
