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Biochemical Assay Reagents collects small molecules used to prepare, run and calibrate biochemical and cell-based assays. Vitamins and cofactors such as niacin, riboflavin and biotin sit alongside sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids such as L-arginine. Enzyme substrates and metal-ion chelators complete the range, including the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Three subcategories group related reagents, namely Carbohydrates & Glycobiology, Acyl-CoA & Cofactors for acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) compounds, and Chelators & Bifunctional Chelators. Most of these compounds act as substrates, cofactors, standards or buffer components rather than as inhibitors of a defined target.
Heneicosanoyl-CoA is a fatty acyl-CoA derivative that serves as a substrate for Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (VLCAD). It plays a critical role in the anaerobic electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) assay, facilitating the investigation of fatty acid oxidation pathways. This compound is essential for studying metabolic disorders related to VLCAD and other acyl-CoA metabolism in various biological systems.
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Beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (CgtB) is a biochemical enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose to specific substrates, playing a crucial role in the biosynthesis of sialylated lipooligosaccharides (LOSSIAL). This enzyme is essential for the production of GM1-like LOSSIAL structures, making it valuable for studies related to glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis. Beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (CgtB) is commonly employed in biochemical research to investigate glycobiology and its implications in cell signaling and immunology.
4-Methylumbelliferyl α-L-fucopyranoside is a substrate for the enzyme α-L-fucosidase, which plays a crucial role in glycoprotein processing. This compound is known to enhance the capacitation of porcine sperm and provides protection against premature acrosome reactions. Additionally, it exhibits distinct hydrophobicity and isoelectric focusing characteristics, making it valuable for various biochemical studies and applications in reproductive biology.
Deamino-NAD is a structural analog of NAD+ that serves as a substrate for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) in glycolytic pathways. With a Km of 2300 pM and a Kd of 112 pM, it is utilized in biochemical studies to explore carbohydrate metabolism and enzyme kinetics. Its role as a GPDH substrate makes it valuable for research applications in metabolic regulation and enzyme activity assays.
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Synonyms: L-4-Aminoarabinose-BP
L-4-Aminoarabinose-bactoprenyl phosphate (L-4-Aminoarabinose-BP) is a substrate of the ArnT enzyme, involved in the modification of lipid A through covalent modifications. This reagent facilitates the transfer of L-4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N) to lipid A in lipopolysaccharides (LPS), aiding Gram-negative bacteria in acquiring resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). As an endogenous intermediate synthesized by enzymes from the arn operon, such as ArnC and ArnD, L-4-Aminoarabinose-bactoprenyl phosphate plays a crucial role in understanding bacterial resistance mechanisms.
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UDP-xylose is a fundamental sugar nucleotide that acts as a catalytic substrate for UDP-xylose synthase (UXS). As a key sugar donor, it facilitates the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and various metabolites in plants, vertebrates, and fungi. UDP-xylose is crucial in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans and plays a significant role in the regulation of extracellular matrix components. This reagent is valuable for research in glycobiology, particularly in studying proteoglycan biosynthesis and associated connective tissue disorders.
Synonyms: dUMP
2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (dUMP) is a deoxynucleotide that serves as a substrate for thymidylate synthase (TS), where it is reductively methylated to form dTMP (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate). This conversion is crucial for DNA synthesis, as dTMP plays an essential role in nucleotide biosynthesis and cellular proliferation. dUMP is widely used in biochemical research to study enzyme mechanisms, DNA replication, and cell cycle regulation.
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8-iso Prostaglandin A1 is an active substrate for the enzyme Arabidopsis thaliana Allene Oxide Cyclase 3 (AtOPR3), exhibiting a Km value of 22 μM. This compound is essential for investigating the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and its derivatives in plant signaling pathways. Its role in modulating plant responses to environmental stresses makes it valuable for research in plant physiology and biochemistry.
Synonyms: 7-Deazaadenosine 5'-diphosphate
Tubercidin 5'-diphosphate is a modified nucleotide that acts as a substrate for various kinases. It exhibits biological activity through its role in nucleotide metabolism and can be further phosphorylated to produce the active metabolite 7-deazaadenosine-5’-O-triphosphate. This compound is valuable for research applications involving nucleotide signaling pathways, enzyme kinetics, and cellular metabolism in various biological systems.
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Synonyms: (±)10,11-EDP; (±)10,11-EpDPE; (±)10,11-Epoxy docosapentaenoic acid
(±)10(11)-EpDPA is a substrate for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), exhibiting a Km value of 5.1 µM for human sEH. As a metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, it plays a critical role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory processes. This compound is primarily used in research applications aimed at understanding the biological functions of sEH and its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions.
N6,2'-O-Dimethyladenosine serves as a substrate for the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), playing a critical role in mRNA cap modification. This compound is involved in the dynamic regulation of mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and subsequent protein expression. Its unique properties make it a valuable tool for research into obesity and related metabolic disorders.
3-Methylthymidine is a biochemical assay reagent that serves as a substrate for fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO). This compound is utilized in studies investigating FTO activity, particularly in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. Its application in research can help elucidate the mechanisms by which FTO influences cellular processes related to fat metabolism and development.
Synonyms: ADP-dependent hexokinase; pyrococcus furiosus
ADP-Specific Glucokinase from Pyrococcus furiosus is an enzyme that specifically phosphorylates glucose into glucose-6-phosphate using ADP as a co-substrate, thereby facilitating glycolytic pathways. This enzyme demonstrates significant biological activity, including the activation of T-cells and enhancement of macrophage phagocytic functions. Applications of ADP-Specific Glucokinase encompass research in metabolic diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer studies, providing insights into glucose metabolism and immune responses.
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Synonyms: UDP-N-azidoacetylgalactosamine disodium
UDP-GalNAz disodium is an analogue of UDP-GalNAc disodium, serving as a donor substrate for N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, which facilitate the transfer of GalNAc to various saccharide or peptide acceptors. This compound features an azide group, making it a valuable reagent for click chemistry applications. UDP-GalNAz disodium can participate in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions with alkyne-bearing molecules, as well as strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions involving DBCO or BCN groups. It is useful in the study of glycosylation pathways and the synthesis of complex glycoproteins.
4-Methylumbelliferyl octanoate is a synthetic substrate designed for the enzymatic activity of hog pancreatic lipase. Upon hydrolysis, it releases 4-methylumbelliferone, which can be easily monitored due to its fluorescence properties. This compound is valuable in biochemical assays to study lipase activity and lipid metabolism. Additionally, it can be utilized in various research applications involving digestive enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity.
Synonyms: p-Nitrophenyl caprylate
4-Nitrophenyl octanoate is an aromatic ester used as a substrate for pancreatic lipase. Upon hydrolysis by lipase, it releases p-nitrophenol, resulting in a measurable yellow product. This compound is valuable for assaying the activities of lipases and esterases in various biological and biochemical research applications.
4-Methylumbelliferyl heptanoate is a highly effective fluorometric substrate for lipases. This compound demonstrates significant sensitivity in detecting lipase activity, making it ideal for enzymatic assays. It is commonly utilized in biochemical research to study lipid metabolism and enzyme kinetics.
Synonyms: Isobutyryl-coenzyme A
Isobutyryl-CoA is a substrate for isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, playing a critical role in fatty acid metabolism. It is involved in the biochemical pathway of isobutyric acid degradation and is crucial for energy production in certain bacterial species. This compound is valuable for research in metabolic pathways, enzymatic activity, and biochemical assays related to cellular energy metabolism.
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Methyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranoside is a sugar derivative that serves as a substrate in various biochemical applications. This compound enhances mitochondrial oxygen consumption, making it valuable for studies related to mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. It can be used in research focused on cellular respiration and the role of carbohydrates in bioenergetics.
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Synonyms: IB-DNQ
Isobutyl-deoxynyboquinone is a selective substrate for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). This compound demonstrates significant biological activity by facilitating electron transfer processes pertinent to cancer cell metabolism. Research applications include investigating the roles of NQO1 in cancer biology and exploring potential therapeutic strategies targeting this enzyme.
CMP-sialic acid synthetase (NmCSS) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of free sialic acid into CMP-sialic acid, the sole substrate for sialyltransferases. This enzymatic activity is vital for the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates and other carbohydrate structures that incorporate sialic acids. NmCSS is an important target for research in glycobiology and offers applications in the study of cell signaling, infection mechanisms, and the development of therapeutic strategies.
(Rac)-Metanephrine hydrochloride acts as a substrate for the sulfotransferase SULT1A3, playing a critical role in the sulfonation process at the p-hydroxyl group. As a metabolite of epinephrine, it is important for studies related to pheochromocytoma due to its involvement in catecholamine metabolism. This compound is useful in understanding the enzymatic pathways and biological mechanisms influenced by SULT1A3 in various research applications.
5-(Biotinamido)pentylamine is a substrate for transglutaminase that acts as an amine donor in calcium-dependent reactions. This reagent is utilized for the biotinylation of target proteins through conjugation with the γ-carboxamide group of glutamine residues, facilitating the introduction of a biotin tag. It is particularly useful for labeling, separating, and detecting transglutaminase protein substrates in various research applications, enhancing the study of protein interactions and modifications.
3-Methyl-2-nitrophenol is a specific acceptor substrate for UDP-glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17), facilitating the enzymatic process of glucuronidation to generate a glucuronide conjugate. This compound is characterized by its enhanced lipid solubility, which increases the conversion rate during glucuronidation. Additionally, 3-Methyl-2-nitrophenol displays reduced absorbance at 340 nm, making it a suitable substrate for the NADH-NAD+-linked UDP-glucuronyltransferase assay with minimal interference. This reagent is valuable in studies related to drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
Resorufin β-D-glucuronide sodium serves as a substrate for the enzyme β-glucuronidase, facilitating the assessment of enzyme activity in various biochemical assays. This compound is particularly valuable for studies involving drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and the investigation of glucuronidation processes. Its utility in fluorescence-based assays allows for sensitive detection and quantification of β-glucuronidase activity in biological samples.
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