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Endogenous metabolites are small molecules made by the body's own metabolism, such as amino acids and steroids. They are used as metabolomics standards, as enzyme substrates and as tools to probe how metabolic pathways are regulated. L-Citrulline, an intermediate of the urea cycle, is also formed when nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid intermediate on the route to cortisol. Prostaglandin E1 represents the eicosanoids, a group of lipid mediators derived from fatty acids. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the cofactor used by sirtuins.
Synonyms: Erythrosphingosine; erythro-C18-Sphingosine; trans-4-Sphingenine
D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.
Synonyms: 9-cis-Octadecenoic acid; 9Z-Octadecenoic acid
Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
Sucralose is an activator of taste receptor, type 1, member 2 (T1R2) and taste receptor type 1, member 3 (T1R3).
(E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299.
Isovalerylcarnitine is a product of the catabolism of L-leucine. It increases calpain activity.
Synonyms: N-Acetylserotonin; Normelatonin; O-Demethylmelatonin
N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.
Synonyms: NSC 74385
Methyl vanillate, one of the ingredients in Hovenia dulcis Thunb, is a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator. A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of vanillic acid. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite.
Synonyms: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate
5'-GTP trisodium salt hydrate is an activator of the signal transducing G proteins and also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
Synonyms: L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium
2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium acts as an antioxidant and a stimulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production.
L-Cystine dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt of the endogenous metabolite L-Cystine, functioning primarily as an activator of the Nrf2 transcription factor. This compound enhances Nrf2 protein expression, leading to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and protection against apoptosis induced by oxidants or Doxorubicin. Additionally, L-Cystine dihydrochloride, in combination with L-theanine, promotes the production of antigen-specific IgG and modulates T helper 2 (Th2) responses by elevating glutathione (GSH) levels in murine models. It holds potential for investigating conditions such as cystinuria and the formation of kidney stones.
L-Cystine hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a potent Nrf2 activator and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. It enhances Nrf2 protein expression, facilitating transcriptional responses that combat oxidative stress. Research indicates that L-Cystine hydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects cells from apoptosis induced by oxidants or Doxorubicin. Additionally, its combination with L-theanine has been shown to boost antigen-specific IgG production by elevating glutathione levels and promoting T helper 2 (Th2) responses. This compound has significant potential for studying cystinuria and kidney stone formation.
5β-Dihydrocortisol, a metabolite of cortisol, serves as an apoptosis activator with potential implications for cancer research. It enhances glucocorticoid activity, notably in raising intraocular pressure. Additionally, 5β-Dihydrocortisol has been shown to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells, making it a valuable reagent for studies focused on cellular signaling and cancer therapeutics.
Desmosterol is a cholesterol precursor involved in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. As an endogenous metabolite, it plays a critical role in the study of cholesterol metabolism. Desmosterol functions as a liver X receptor (LXR) activator and SREBP inhibitor, which can mitigate macrophage inflammasome activation, thereby reducing vascular inflammation and the risk of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, lower levels of Desmosterol can lead to increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through pyrin domain mechanisms. This compound is valuable for research focused on inflammation, metabolic processes, and cardiovascular diseases.
2'2'-cGAMP is a synthetic cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) that targets the STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway, playing a crucial role in the immune response. It effectively induces the production of interferon-beta (IFN-β), a key cytokine involved in antiviral defense. While 2'2'-cGAMP exhibits a weaker affinity for STING compared to 2'3'-cGAMP, it demonstrates a stronger interaction than other CDNs, making it valuable for research in immunology and therapeutic applications related to immune modulation.
5-Hydroxyindole is a tryptophan metabolite that serves as a potent activator of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and influences intestinal L-type calcium channels. It modulates the desensitization of 5-HT3 receptor-mediated ion currents, making it relevant in neurobiological studies. This compound is utilized in research on neuroblastoma, schizophrenia, and disorders related to intestinal motility.
3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3HPPA) functions as an endothelium-dependent promoter of nitric oxide (NO) release and an activator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This compound facilitates vascular smooth muscle relaxation by enhancing NO synthesis in endothelial cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance. In studies, 3HPPA has shown a dose-dependent ability to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats without affecting cardiac contractility or heart rate. Its antihypertensive and vascular protective properties make it a valuable reagent for investigating cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
AHR Activator 1 is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activator that modulates fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-induced branching morphogenesis. It functions by inhibiting AHR signaling, thereby preventing cellular branch formation. Additionally, AHR Activator 1 interacts with dissociated linkers, highlighting their significance in the inhibitory effects of AHR agonists on branching. This compound is valuable for studying mammary gland morphogenesis and understanding the mechanisms underlying FGF-induced invasion.
UCCF-029 free base is a potent activator of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel. This compound showcases enhanced activity due to the benzannulation of the flavone A-ring at the 7,8-position, serving as a critical structural reference for the development of more effective flavonoid analogues. UCCF-029 demonstrates superior potency compared to apigenin in activating wild-type CFTR and possesses potential for activating the mutant G551D-CFTR, though its efficacy in this regard is not as pronounced as that of apigenin. This reagent is valuable for research into cystic fibrosis and related therapeutic strategies.
CHET3 is an endogenous metabolite that acts as a selective activator of TASK-3-containing K2P channels. It demonstrates significant analgesic activity, effectively modulating the membrane excitability of specific small sensory neurons. Research applications include studying acute and chronic pain models in mice, where CHET3's effects on thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical hyperalgesia can be thoroughly examined. The analgesic effects of CHET3 are sensitive to pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockout of TASK-3, highlighting its precise mechanism of action.
Tuftsin diacetate is a tetrapeptide that acts as a potent activator of macrophages and microglia. It enhances immune responses and plays a critical role in modulating inflammation. This compound is valuable for research applications focused on innate immunity, neuroinflammation, and the study of macrophage biology.
