Endogenous Metabolite

N,N,O-Tridesmethylvenlafaxine is an endogenous metabolite of venlafaxine, primarily known for its role in modulating serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. This compound has been utilized in pharmacokinetic studies to assess drug metabolism and its effects on therapeutic outcomes. Its relevance in research extends to investigations of depression and anxiety disorders, facilitating a deeper understanding of the pharmacological profiles of related antidepressants.

3-Methylcrotonyl CoA is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a critical intermediate in the leucine catabolism pathway. It is converted to 3-Methylglutaconyl CoA via the enzyme 3-Methylcrotonyl CoA Carboxylase. Accumulation of 3-Methylglutaconyl CoA due to mutations in 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA Hydratase can result in metabolic disorders, such as 3MGA-uria. This compound is valuable for investigating metabolic diseases linked to disruptions in the leucine degradation pathway.

Histone H1 (calf thymus) is a linker histone subtype that plays a crucial role in the organization and stabilization of chromatin structure within eukaryotic cells. This protein is involved in the regulation of gene expression and DNA compaction. It is primarily used in research applications related to epigenetics, chromatin biology, and studies on gene regulation mechanisms. Histone H1 is obtained through separation and purification from total calf thymus histones, ensuring high purity for experimental use.

D-Glucose-13C6 is a stable isotope-labeled derivative of D-glucose, targeting metabolic pathways involving glucose. This compound serves as an effective metabolic tracer for studying glucose metabolism and synthetic catabolism. Additionally, it can be utilized as a synthesis ingredient, minimal media reagent, or internal standard in various biochemical assays.

D-Glucuronic acid sodium salt monohydrate is an endogenous metabolite primarily involved in the formation of anti-inflammatory proteoglycans. It plays a crucial role in promoting embryonic development and preventing cell aggregation. Upon metabolism to ethyl glucuronide, it activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is associated with pain regulation. Additionally, D-Glucuronic acid sodium salt monohydrate and its derivative glucurono-lactone function as liver detoxifiers and are recognized for their potential anti-tumor properties, making them valuable in various biological and pharmaceutical research applications.

2'2'-cGAMP is a synthetic cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) that targets the STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway, playing a crucial role in the immune response. It effectively induces the production of interferon-beta (IFN-β), a key cytokine involved in antiviral defense. While 2'2'-cGAMP exhibits a weaker affinity for STING compared to 2'3'-cGAMP, it demonstrates a stronger interaction than other CDNs, making it valuable for research in immunology and therapeutic applications related to immune modulation.

Benzomalvin B is a fungal secondary metabolite that serves as a less active analog of Benzomalvin A. It exhibits weak activity against substance P, making it a compound of interest for research into neuropeptide signaling and related biological processes. Its properties may facilitate studies in pain modulation and the exploration of therapeutic avenues in neurobiology.

D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.

Indole-3-carboxylic acid is a normal urinary indolic tryptophan metabolite and has been found elevated in patients with liver diseases.

Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.

4-Pyridoxic acid is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 which is excreted in the urine.

(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid is a product of phenylalanine catabolism. An elevated level of phenyllactic acid is found in body fluids of patients with or phenylketonuria.

(R)-(+)-Citronellal, isolated from citrus, lavender and eucalyptus oils, is a monoterpenoid and main component of citronellal oil with a distinct lemon scent. A flavouring agent. Used for insect repellent and antifungal properties.

Smilagenin (SMI) is a lipid-soluble small-molecule steroidal sapogenin from Rhizoma anemarrhenae and Radix asparagi widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic neurodegeneration diseases.

D-(+)-Phenyllactic acid is an anti-bacterial agent, excreted by Geotrichum candidum, inhibits a range of Gram-positive from humans and foodstuffs and Gram-negative bacteria found in humans.

(S)-Leucic acid is an amino acid metabolite.

Palmitoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid-derived mitochondrial substrate, and selectively decreases cell survival in colorectal and prostate cancer cells by affecting on pro-inflammatory pathways, Ca2+ influx, and DHT-like effects.

Homogentisic acid is a specific metabolite in urine and serum, which is used for diagnosis of alkaptonuria.

L-Valyl-L-phenylalanine (Valylphenylalanine; H-VAL-PHE-OH) has been reported as biocompatible polymer.

Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies.

N2-methylguanosine is a modified nucleoside that occurs at several specific locations in many tRNA's.

m-Tyramine is an endogenous trace amine neuromodulor. m-Tyramine has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor.

N6-Etheno 2'-deoxyadenosine is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-induced DNA oxidation product, used as a biomarker to evaluate chronic inflammation and lipid peroxidation in animal or human tissues.

Anserine is a dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates.

Uridine triphosphate (UTP;Uridine 5'-triphosphate) is a nucleotide that regulates the functions of the pancreas in endocrine and exocrine secretion, proliferation, channels, transporters, and intracellular signaling under normal and disease states.

Ercalcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D2) is an active metabolite of vitamin D2.

Geniposidic acid is an effective anticancer and radioprotection agent.

Levothyroxine, also L-thyroxine or T4, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which is normally secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Uracil-d4 is the labelled compound form of Uracil which is a nitrogenous base on RNA nucleosides.

5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.

trans-Zeatin is a member of the plant hormone family known as ??cytokinins??, which regulate cell division, development, and nutrient processing.

Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a endogenous cGAMP in mammalian cells.

Nicotinuric acid is an acyl glycine. Nicotinuric acid is a metabolite of nicotinic acid.

Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis.

7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation. It can be generated by methylating agents, and used as a probe of protein?CDNA interactions and a key component of DNA sequencing method.

8-Hydroxyguanine is a major pre-mutagenic lesion generated from reactive oxygen species. It causes G-T and A-C substitutions.

Turanose is a reducing disaccharide.

Phosphoramidon Disodium Salt is a metalloendopeptidase inhibitor.

Androsterone is a steroid hormone produced in the body from 5α-reduced metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone. It is the major androgen excreted in urine as a metabolite of testosterone and is used as the international reference standard for androgenic activity.

Alagebrium Chloride, also known as ALT711, was the first drug candidate to be clinically tested for the purpose of breaking the crosslinks caused by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), thereby reversing one of the main mechanisms of aging.

Menaquinone-4 is a vitamin K, used as a hemostatic agent, and also a adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis.

Thymopentin is a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.

D-α-Tocopherol acetate (D-Vitamin E acetate) can be hydrolyzed to d-alpha-tocopherol (VE) and absorbed in the small intestine.

Pyrogallol is a polyphenol compound, which has anti-fungal and anti-psoriatic properties. Pyrogallol is a reductant that is able to generate free radicals, in particular superoxide anions.

α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. α-Lipoic Acid inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation. α-Lipoic Acid induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells.

Lipoic Acid, also known as R-(+)-alpha-Lipoic acid, is an organosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid. It is made in animals normally, and is essential for aerobic metabolism. It is also manufactured and is available as a dietary supplement in some countries where it is marketed as an antioxidant, and is available as a pharmaceutical drug in other countries.

Vitamin K1 a fat-soluble, naturally occurring vitamin required for blood coagulation and bone and vascular metabolism.

D-Melibiose is a disaccharide which is composed of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.

Cytosine is a pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.