Biological Activity

Bioactivity / Mechanism

Reported betanin treatment (2–20 µM, 72 h) increased Nrf2–ARE binding and Nrf2 transcripts in non-tumour THLE-2 human liver cells. HepG2 cells showed no significant increase in ARE binding, indicating a model-dependent response. The commercial reagent was not quantitatively characterized for purity or isomer composition. [1]

Literature-reported observations and conditions; not Adooq-tested protocols or general treatment recommendations.

In Vitro Studies

Model-dependent Nrf2 response in human liver cell lines

Cell-based study · Non-tumour THLE-2 and hepatoma-derived HepG2 human liver cell lines [1]

After 72 h, reported betanin treatment increased Nrf2–ARE binding and Nrf2 mRNA in THLE-2 cells. HepG2 cells showed no significant increase in ARE binding. This is a cellular pathway response, without evidence here of direct Nrf2 binding by betanin or clinical hepatoprotection.

Measured endpoints — not treatment concentrations
Endpoint	Reported result	Reference
Nrf2 binding to ARE-containing oligonucleotides	Direction and significance Increased in THLE-2 at 2, 10 and 20 µM (P < 0.05 vs control); no significant increase in HepG2.	[1]
Nrf2 transcript abundance in THLE-2	Reported increase 21–30% increase at the tested 2, 10 and 20 µM concentrations; P < 0.05 vs control.	[1]

Literature-Reported Treatment Conditions

Treatment concentration: 2, 10 and 20 µM
Exposure duration: 72 h
Method: Exposure in cell culture medium
Vehicle: 0.1% DMSO; matched DMSO-only control
Reported limits: Numerical reagent purity, isobetanin content and lot composition were not specified in the retrieved Chemicals section. These nominal doses do not establish purified-parent potency.

Methods and source locations

Compound reported in the paper: Betanin; Compound label in the paper: Sigma-Aldrich betanin (BET)

Attribute responses to the reported commercial betanin treatment in these cell lines. Do not infer Adooq lot validation, isolated-parent potency or universal Nrf2 activation.

Figures 2–3; Methods: Chemicals, Cell culture and treatment, Nrf2 binding assay, Quantitative PCR and statistics; Results: Nrf2 expression and activation

Nrf2 binding to ARE-containing oligonucleotides: Nrf2 Transcription Factor ELISA on nuclear extracts; positive control: Nrf2-transfected COS-7 nuclear extracts. Figure values are means from three separate experiments with standard errors. — Figure 3b and caption; Results: Effect of betanin on expression and activation of Nrf2; Methods: Nrf2 binding assay

Nrf2 transcript abundance in THLE-2: Quantitative PCR, normalization to TBP and PBGD; three separate experiments, standard errors. Range is reported in Results, not estimated from bars. — Figure 3a and caption; corresponding Results paragraph; Methods: Quantitative PCR

In Vivo Studies

In male Wistar rats after 60 days of high-fat feeding, a further 20-day intervention with purified beetroot betanin (20 mg·kg−1 by intragastric gavage) increased plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced hepatic TBARS relative to high-fat diet alone. Catalase activity and TBARS did not normalize to standard-diet levels, and total cholesterol did not improve. Purity and isomer composition of the animal dosing batch were not specified in the retrieved methods. [2]

Purified betanin in a high-fat-diet Wistar rat intervention

Animal study · Male Wistar rats; 60-day standard or high-fat dietary phase followed by a further 20-day intervention; four phase-2 groups, n = 6 per group. [2]

Compared with high-fat diet alone, betanin-treated high-fat-fed rats had higher plasma GPx, CAT and SOD activities and lower hepatic TBARS. CAT activity remained below standard-diet groups, hepatic TBARS was not fully normalized, and total cholesterol was not improved.

Measured endpoints — not treatment concentrations
Endpoint	Reported result	Reference
Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity	Mean ± SD HF 80+BET: 12.9 ± 1.54 U·mL−1; HF 80: 8.11 ± 1.6 U·mL−1.	[2]
Plasma catalase and superoxide dismutase activities	Mean ± SD CAT: HF 80+BET 156.3 ± 29.6 vs HF 80 92.7 ± 27.6 U·mL−1; SOD: HF 80+BET 4.52 ± 0.2 vs HF 80 2.86 ± 0.7 U·mL−1.	[2]
Hepatic lipid peroxidation estimated by TBARS	Direction Lower in HF 80+BET than HF 80 (P < 0.05), but higher than standard-diet groups.	[2]
Plasma total cholesterol	Mean ± SD HF 80: 69.7 ± 10.8 mg·dL−1; HF 80+BET: 71.7 ± 5.5 mg·dL−1; no significant difference.	[2]

Conditions shared by the study groups

Route: Intragastric gavage
Treatment course: 20 days after 60 days of prior high-fat feeding; high-fat diet continued

Study groups and reported outcomes
Group / dose	Comparator	Observed result	Reference
High-fat diet plus betanin versus high-fat diet alone 20 mg·kg−1	HF 80 received water; CONT 80 and CONT 80+BET provided standard-diet comparators.	GPx, CAT and SOD higher and liver TBARS lower than HF 80; CAT and liver TBARS not normalized to standard-diet levels; no significant TC improvement.	[2]

High-fat diet plus betanin versus high-fat diet alone: Model: HF 80+BET and HF 80 male Wistar rats; n = 6/group; Reported limits: Administration frequency and betanin vehicle not specified in retrieved section 2.3. Water control does not establish formulation identity.

Methods and source locations

Compound reported in the paper: Betanin; Compound label in the paper: Purified beetroot betanin

Describe the reported purified-beetroot-betanin intervention. No claim of Adooq lot identity, isomer-free dosing, clinical efficacy or a dose conversion.

Methods 2.1–2.5, 2.7; Figure 1; Figure 2 and caption; Results 3.1–3.3; Table 3

Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity: Enzyme assay kit; n = 6 per phase-2 group; Figure 2E different-letter groups denote P < 0.05. Values transcribed from Results 3.2. — Results 3.2; Figure 2E and caption; Methods 2.3–2.4, 2.7

Plasma catalase and superoxide dismutase activities: Enzyme assay kits; n = 6/group; P < 0.05 by figure letter comparisons. CAT remained below standard-diet groups; standard-diet betanin supplementation did not change these antioxidant activities. — Results 3.2; Figure 2F–G and caption; Methods 2.3–2.4, 2.7

Hepatic lipid peroxidation estimated by TBARS: TBARS assay; Figure 2H viewed. Exact numeric MDA values omitted because Results and Methods use inconsistent unit expressions. No curve-derived decimal values. — Results 3.3; Figure 2H and caption; Methods 2.5, 2.7

Plasma total cholesterol: Table 3 values share superscript b; n = 6 per phase-2 group; means ± SD; different letters indicate P < 0.05. — Table 3 (TC row and footnote); Methods 2.3–2.4, 2.7

High-fat diet plus betanin versus high-fat diet alone · Methods 2.3; Figure 2E–H; Results 3.2–3.3; Table 3

Specifications

Manufacturer	Adooq Bioscience
CAS Number	7659-95-2
Formula	C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃
Molecular Weight	550.47
SMILES	C\1[C@H](NC(=C/C1=C/C=[N+]2[C@@H](CC3=CC(=C(C=C32)O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)[O-])C(=O)O)C(=O)O

Storage & Solubility

In Vitro Solubility

Reported Solubility

No reported solubility data are available for this product.

Preparing Stock Solutions

Stock preparation is unavailable for this product molecular weight.

Calculated stock concentrations do not establish solvent solubility. Refer to the reported solubility data for experimental guidance.

Storage

Store powder at -20°C, keep desiccated.
In powder form, the chemical is stable for 36 months.
In solution, store at -20°C and use within 1 month to prevent loss of potency. Aliquot to avoid multiple freeze/thaw cycles.

Research References

[1] Krajka-Kuźniak V, Paluszczak J, Szaefer H, et al. Betanin, a beetroot component, induces nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated expression of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human liver cell lines The British journal of nutrition (2013). PMID: 23769299 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001645 Source material
[2] da Silva DVT, Pereira AD, Boaventura GT, et al. Short-Term Betanin Intake Reduces Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31443409 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091978 Source material

Publications

5 publications citing this product

Kumari, M., .et al. , Acta Physiol Plant, 2024, 46, 17
Sukirtha Srivarathan, .et al. , J Food Compos Anal, 2023, 115: 104876
Grewal PS, .et al. , Metab Eng, 2018, Jan;45:180-188 PMID: 29247865
Tom Clifford, .et al. , Eur J Nutr, 2017, 56(3): 1245-1254 PMID: 26873098
Kaimainen M, .et al. , Food Chem., 2015, Nov 15;187:398-406. PMID: 25977043

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Betanin

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