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- DL-O-Phosphoserine, a normal metabolite in human biofluid, is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.
- L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid ??-ethyl amide??is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective and anti-oxidative activities.
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chemoprotective agent
Methionine (MRX-1024; D-Methionine) is an effective chemoprotective agent which can also inhibit the neuronal activity through GABAA receptor activation. - Miquelianin is one of the flavonoids of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) with antidepressant activity.
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cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor
Lapaquistat (T-91485), a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, is the active metabolite of TAK-475. Lapaquistat can decrease statin-induced myotoxicity in lipid-lowering therapy. -
KGDHC inhibitor
Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) inhibitor, effective inhibits (KGDHC) in muscle, bacterial, brain, and cultured human fibroblasts. -
signal transducing G proteins activator
5'-GTP trisodium salt hydrate is an activator of the signal transducing G proteins and also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. - (S)-(-)-Citronellal ((-)-Citronellal) is a monoterpenoid compound found in Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus essential oils.
- Acetoacetic acid sodium salt is a metabolite of non-esterified fatty acids, involved in the development of human diabetes. Acetoacetic acid sodium salt induces oxidative stress to inhibit the assembly of very low density lipoprotein in bovine hepatocytes.
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neuromodulator
3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator. -
iron mobilizer
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt is a nucleoside diphosphate. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate is a potential iron mobilizer, which prevents the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction and modulating the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway. - Galactose 1-phosphate Potassium salt is is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars.
- (3-Carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is angiopathic substance produced as an intermediary metabolite by gut microbiota that feed on carnitine in dietary red meat.
- Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid hydrochloride is a potential neurotoxin.
- Aldosterone D8 is a deuterium labeled Aldosterone. Aldosterone, produced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa, regulates blood pressure.
- Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) ((γ-glutamylcysteine (TFA)), an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is a dipeptide served as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
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natural sugar phosphate
Fosfructose trisodium (Diphosphofructose trisodium;Esafosfan trisodium;FDP trisodium) is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate for the potential treatment of cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia and asthma. - all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs).
- Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a crystal form of Nicotinamide riboside (NR) chloride. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is used in dietary supplements.
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urinary metabolite
Creatine riboside is a urinary metabolite and is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of lung cancer. -
epigenetic modifier
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium ((S)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium, L-2-Hydroxyglutarate disodium, LGA, L-2HG) is an epigenetic modifier and a putative oncometabolite in kidney cancer that inhibits histone demethylases and hence promotes histone methylation. -
Autophagy inducer
Tomatidine hydrochloride acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling. Tomatidine hydrochloride activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans. -
NF-κB inhibitor
Urolithin B is one of the gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass. - Pyruvic acid (Acetylformic acid) is an important organic chemical intermediate that plays a role in cardiomyocyte pathophysiology and therapy.
- Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats.
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immunomodulatory agent
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid (3-HAA, 3-HANA), a tryptophan metabolite, has an immunomodulatory effect that may result from inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activity, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. -
Antioxidant agent
Dihydrocaffeic acid is a phenolic acid found in Gynura bicolor, reduces phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and prevent UVB-induced skin damage. Antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity. -
antifungal
The compound 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin may be partly responsible for the reported antifungal activity of C. zeyheri, and may serve as a potential source of lead compounds that can be developed as antifungal phytomedicines. -
antioxidant agent
Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. -
monounsaturated fatty acid
Erucic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), is isolated from the seed of Raphanus sativus L. Erucic acid can readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it has been reported to normalize the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in the brain. Erucic acid can improve cognitive impairment and be effective against dementia . -
antiinflammation agent
Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB. -
neurotoxin
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, an abnormal metabolite, is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. -
endogenous metabolite
Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite. -
OCS-FA
Heptadecanoic acid is an odd chain saturated fatty acid (OCS-FA). Heptadecanoic acid is associated with several diseases, including the incidence of coronary heart disease, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as well as multiple sclerosis. -
antitumor agent
Perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene, is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells. -
Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth. -
Antibacterial agent
2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (dUMP) is a substrate for thymidylate synthase and is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). The inhibition of dUMP to dTMP at the methylation step is a key in controlling bacterial and eukaryotic cell growth. -
detergent
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) induces hepatocyte apoptosis. -
anticancer agent
Ursolic acid, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, induces the apoptosis of human cancer cells through multiple signaling pathways. -
antioxidant agent
Flavone (2-Phenylchromone, 2-Phenyl-4-chromone, 2-Phenyl-4-benzopyron), a class of flavonoids, mainly found in spices and red or purple plant foods with antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, estrogenic, acetyl cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory activities and are also used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders etc. -
L-LEUCINE-13C6, also known as 13C6-D-Leucine or L-Leucine-1,2,3,4,5,5'-13C6, is a fully 13C labelled D-Leucine. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway.
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mGluR II agonist
Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus. - N-Acetyloxytocin is isolated and characterized in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary (NIL) and their presence in several brain areas of the rat.
