Proteases

PAC-1 is an activator of procaspase-3 induces apoptosis in cancer cells with EC50 of 2.08 μM.

Apoptosis Activator 2 strongly induces caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation which leads to the destruction of cells (Apaf-1 dependent) with IC50 of ~4 μM, inactive to HMEC, PREC, or MCF-10A cells

D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.

Ceramide is a ceramide shown to be a potent modulator of proliferation and differentiation, used as a tool for studying the complex signaling associated with the ceramides.

Isovalerylcarnitine is a product of the catabolism of L-leucine. It increases calpain activity.