Autophagy Signaling

Acadesine is a selective activator of AMPK in both hepatocytes and adipocytes.

Resveratrol has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases???LOX, IC50=2.7 μM???, kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects.

Metformin is an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose.

QX77 is a chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator.

SMER28 is a small-molecule enhancer (SMER) of autophagy, inducing autophagy independently of rapamycin in mammalian cells.

EN6 is a novel covalent autophagy activator, targeting cysteine 277 in the ATP6V1A subunit of the lysosomal v-ATPase, which activates mTORC1 via the Rag guanosine triphosphatases.

TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is a widely used Nrf2 activator, protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of Nrf2.

AICAR phosphate is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).