Proteases

D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a dermatologic agent. It has also been used as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.

Isovalerylcarnitine is a product of the catabolism of L-leucine. It increases calpain activity.

Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.

2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium acts as an antioxidant and a stimulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production.

Berberine hydrochloride was novelly found that it has various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and significant anti-inflammatory activities. Berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity.

Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids.

Geniposidic acid is an effective anticancer and radioprotection agent.

Levothyroxine, also L-thyroxine or T4, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which is normally secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is the theoretical cyclooxygenase metabolite of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), but it is virtually undetectable in the plasma of normal humans or other animals. The IC50 of PGE1 for the inhibition of ADP-induced human platelet aggregation is 40 nM.

Uracil-d4 is the labelled compound form of Uracil which is a nitrogenous base on RNA nucleosides.

5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.

trans-Zeatin is a member of the plant hormone family known as ??cytokinins??, which regulate cell division, development, and nutrient processing.

Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.

Indole-3-carboxylic acid is a normal urinary indolic tryptophan metabolite and has been found elevated in patients with liver diseases.

Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.

(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid is a product of phenylalanine catabolism. An elevated level of phenyllactic acid is found in body fluids of patients with or phenylketonuria.

(R)-(+)-Citronellal, isolated from citrus, lavender and eucalyptus oils, is a monoterpenoid and main component of citronellal oil with a distinct lemon scent. A flavouring agent. Used for insect repellent and antifungal properties.

Smilagenin (SMI) is a lipid-soluble small-molecule steroidal sapogenin from Rhizoma anemarrhenae and Radix asparagi widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic neurodegeneration diseases.

D-(+)-Phenyllactic acid is an anti-bacterial agent, excreted by Geotrichum candidum, inhibits a range of Gram-positive from humans and foodstuffs and Gram-negative bacteria found in humans.

(S)-Leucic acid is an amino acid metabolite.

Homogentisic acid is a specific metabolite in urine and serum, which is used for diagnosis of alkaptonuria.

L-Valyl-L-phenylalanine (Valylphenylalanine; H-VAL-PHE-OH) has been reported as biocompatible polymer.

Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies.

Anserine is a dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates.

Uridine triphosphate (UTP;Uridine 5'-triphosphate) is a nucleotide that regulates the functions of the pancreas in endocrine and exocrine secretion, proliferation, channels, transporters, and intracellular signaling under normal and disease states.

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is a competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2.

Nicotinuric acid is an acyl glycine. Nicotinuric acid is a metabolite of nicotinic acid.

Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis.

7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation. It can be generated by methylating agents, and used as a probe of protein?CDNA interactions and a key component of DNA sequencing method.

Turanose is a reducing disaccharide.

L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor.

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid is a member of organic compounds known as o-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives.

(-)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil that binds and activates transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, to increase [Ca2+]i. Antitumor activity.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Thiamine chloride hydrochloride) is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.

Choline bitartrate is a form of the nutrient choline which is found in foods.

Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt used as an additive for animal feed.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is a corticosteroid.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Impulsin (AM 3112) is an active endogenous compound which can used for preventing virus infection of the respiratory tract.

Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants which is an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase activity.

Sucralose is an activator of taste receptor, type 1, member 2 (T1R2) and taste receptor type 1, member 3 (T1R3).

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) is a form of vitamin D, used as a vitamin D supplement.

3-methoxy Tyramine (HCl) is a natural metabolite of dopamine, produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

Glutathione oxidized, or GSSG, results from glutathione undergoing oxidation. It plays a crucial role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species, a process that concurrently generates GSSG. This oxidized form of glutathione is pivotal in studies concerning sickle cells and erythrocytes, where it's utilized for research purposes.

Androsterone is a steroid hormone produced in the body from 5α-reduced metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone. It is the major androgen excreted in urine as a metabolite of testosterone and is used as the international reference standard for androgenic activity.

Alagebrium Chloride, also known as ALT711, was the first drug candidate to be clinically tested for the purpose of breaking the crosslinks caused by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), thereby reversing one of the main mechanisms of aging.

Menaquinone-4 is a vitamin K, used as a hemostatic agent, and also a adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis.

Thymopentin is a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.

D-α-Tocopherol acetate (D-Vitamin E acetate) can be hydrolyzed to d-alpha-tocopherol (VE) and absorbed in the small intestine.