TGF-β/Smad

Daphnetin is a coumarin analog that acts as an inhibitor of several protein kinases. It inhibits EGFR kinase (IC50 = 7.67 μM), PKA (IC50 = 9.33 μM), and PKC (IC50 = 25 μM), in vitro. The inhibition of EGFR kinase by daphnetin was competitive to ATP and non-competitive to the peptide substrate. Also acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-malarial agent.

LY317615 (Enzastaurin) is a potent and selective inhibitor of PKCβ with antiproliferative activity (IC50= ~6 nM).

Fasudil HCl is a cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor and Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 10.7 μM).

Hesperetin, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor, is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, ?€?Chen Pi.?€? Hesperetin is a citrus flavonoid that has been reported to lower plasma cholesterol. Hesperetin reduces the transcription of ACAT-2 mRNA in Hep-G2 cells and reduces ApoB protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. It also is a potential therapy for carcinoid cancer.

Myricitrin is the 3-O-rhamnoside of myricetin. Myricitrin is used by several beetle species in their communication system.

Quercetin inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C.

SB525334 is a selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β receptor I (ALK5, TGF-βRI) (IC50 = 14.3 nM). Inhibits TGF-β1-induced smad2/3 nuclear localization and TGF-βRI-induced mRNA expression in kidney cells

LY2157299 is an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-βR) kinase inhibitor.

LDN193189 is a highly potent small molecule BMP inhibitor that inhibits BMP type I receptors ALK2 (IC50: 5 nM), ALK3 (IC50: 30 nM) and ALK6 (TGFβ1/BMP signaling) and subsequent SMAD phosphorylation.

H 89 dihydrochloride is a cell-permeable, selective, reversible, ATP-competitive and potent inhibitor of protein kinase.

Verbascoside is isolated from Lantana camara, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.

D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM, and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). D-erythro-Sphingosine (Erythrosphingosine) is also a PP2A activator.

A83-01 is a selective inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor ALK5, the Nodal receptor ALK4, and the nodal receptor ALK7

A-3 Hydrochloride is an inhibitor of PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Ki=4.3μM) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, Ki=3.8μM, PKC (protein kinase C, Ki=47μM), casein kinase I and II, and MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) ( Ki=7.4μM).

Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It works by reducing lung fibrosis through downregulation of the production of growth factors and procollagens I and II.

Synaptamide is a potent mediator for neurogenic differentiation of NSCs acting through PKA/CREB activation.

Cetrimonium bromide is an amine based cationic quaternary surfactant, is one of the components of the topical antiseptic Cetrimide.

Y-27632 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of ROCK-I and ROCK-II, with Ki of 220 nM and 300 nM for ROCK-I and ROCK-II, respectively.