Natural Products

3-Indolebutyric acid is a plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural plant rooting products.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan.

Aesculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). It is used in a microbiology laboratory to aid in the identification of bacterial species (especially Enterococci and Listeria).

Andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential for being developed as a cancer therapeutic agent.

Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Arbutin inhibits melanin formation due to its tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Azomycin(2-Nitroimidazole) is an antimicrobial antibiotic produced by a strain of Nocardia mesenterica, which is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Baicalein is a flavonoid originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Baicalein inhibits lipid peroxidation, as assessed by production of TBARS, with an IC50 value of 5 µM.

Baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and affects the GABA receptors.

Biochanin A is an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits iNOS expression and lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages. Additionally, Biochanin A displays the ability to block phosphorylation of IκBα and p38 MAPK, which prevents NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Biochanin A has been observed to suppress IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as hydroxycinnamic acid.

Celastrol is a triterpenoid antioxidant compound isolated from the Chinese Thunder of God vine (T. wilfordii). In an isolated rat liver assay of lipid peroxidation, celastrol had an IC50 value of 7 µM, equivalent to about 15 times the antioxidant potency of α-tocopherol.

Chlorogenic acid is an important intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal.

Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea). It has been shown to induce an anti-inflammatory effect, most likely by inhibition of COX-2 expression and via IL-6 signaling. In rodent in vivo studies, chrysin was found anxiolytic.

Chrysophanic acid (Chrysophanol) blocks proliferation of colon cancer cells by inhibiting EGFR/mTOR pathway.

Cinchonidine is an alkaloid used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonine.

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the mitochondrial transporter chain that behaves as a powerful antioxidant. Displays neuroprotective activity.

Cryptotanshinone, a natural compound isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), dramatically blocks STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation but not STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in DU145 cells, and significantly inhibits JAK2 phosphorylation with IC50 of ~5 μM without affecting the phosphorylation of upstream kinases c-Src and EGFR.

Curcumol induces apoptosis via caspases-independent mitochondrial pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells.

Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects.

Cyclovirobuxine D (Bebuxine) is an active compound extracted from Buxus microphylla that significantly increases cardiomyocytes viability injured by oxidation or hypoxia.

Cytisine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, and as a pharmaceutical preparation it is available for the treatment of nicotinism. It is a pyridine-like alkaloid that can be toxic in high doses. Pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to nicotine due to structural similarity of the two molecules.

Daidzein belongs to the group of isoflavones. Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds, such as genistein, are present in a number of plants and herbs. Soy isoflavones are a group of compounds found in and isolated from the soybean. Besides functioning as antioxidants, many isoflavones have been shown to interact with animal and human estrogen receptors, and therefore are known as phytoestrogens.

Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.) and is also available as a drug in itself. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin and is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of other artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs.

Dioscin (Collettiside III) is extracted and isolated from Polygonatum Zanlanscianense Pamp with IC50 of 2.6, 0.8, 7.5, and 4.5 μM for the inhibition of the growth of the MDA-MB-435, H14, HL60, and HeLa cell lines, respectively.

Diosmetin is an O-methylated flavone, a chemical compound that can be found in the Caucasian vetch.

Diosmin is a semisynthetic phlebotropic agent and a member of the flavonoid family.

Emodin is a purgative resin, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). It belongs to a family of compounds called anthraquinones, which have shown anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects

Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the enzymes (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta-13-prostaglandin) that metabolize the prostaglandins PGE-2 and PGF-2α to their respective 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites which are inactive.

Ergosterol is a sterol and a biological precursor (a provitamin) to vitamin D2. Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Because ergosterol is present in fungal cell membranes yet absent in animal cell membranes, it is a useful target for antifungal drugs. .

Evodiamine is a chemical extracted from the Tetradium family of plants. It acts primarily as a thermogenic and stimulant.

Fisetin is a flavonol, a structurally distinct chemical substance that belongs to the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It can be found in many plants, where it serves as a colouring agent. Possible anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties of fisetin are under active scientific investigation.

Formononetin (Formononetol) is a phytoestrogen from the root of Astragalus membranaceus and an O-methylated isoflavone. It is used as a blood enhancer and to improve blood microcirculation in complementary and alternative medicine. It promotes endothelial repair and wound healing in a process involving the over-expression of Egr-1 transcription factor through the regulation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.

Fumalic acid(Ferulic acid) is a hydroxycinnamic acid and a type of organic compound found in the Ferula assafoetida L. or Ligusticum chuanxiong. It has many pharmacology functions, such as anti-blood platelet collection , ease pain better the alive of prostate , relax the blood vessel convulsion.

Gastrodin (Gastrodine) is a polyphenol. It is the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin).

Glycyrrhizic acid is a widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root.

Gramine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. It is used mostly in synthetic organic chemistry as a starting material for tryptophan syntheses.

Haematoxylin is extracted from the heartwood of the logwood tree.When oxidized it forms haematein, a compound that forms strongly coloured complexes with certain metal ions, the most notable ones being Fe(III) and Al(III) salts. Metal-haematein complexes are used to stain cell nuclei prior to examination under a microscope.

Hesperetin, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor, is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, ?€?Chen Pi.?€? Hesperetin is a citrus flavonoid that has been reported to lower plasma cholesterol. Hesperetin reduces the transcription of ACAT-2 mRNA in Hep-G2 cells and reduces ApoB protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. It also is a potential therapy for carcinoid cancer.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits.

Hordenine is a phenethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties.

Hyodeoxycholic (HDCA) acid is a secondary bile acid, one of the metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria.

Icariin is inhibitory to all three PDE5 isoforms that inhibits PDE5A1, A2, and A3 with an IC50 value of 1.0, 0.75, and 1.1 microM, respectively.

Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, is a potent cyclin-dependent kinases and GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of about 5 μM and 0.6 μM.

Indole-3-carbinol is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables.

Kaempferol is found to inhibit bovine aorta myosin light chain kinase with a Ki of 0.3-0.5 microM and also is found to inhibit VEGF expression and in vitro angiogenesis through a novel ERK-NFκB-cMyc-p21 pathway.

Kinetin is a kind of cytokinin, a class of plant hormone that promotes cell division.

L(+)-Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose.

Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone.

Luteolin is a PDE4 inhibitor, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and an interleukin 6 inhibitor, affecting xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Luteolin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, and is one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property.

Magnolol (2,2'-Bichavicol) is a bioactive compound found in the bark of the Houpu magnolia (Magnolia officinalis).