Natural Products

Aloin (Barbaloin) is a yellow crystalline substance obtained from aloe and is reported to be a potent inhibitors of tyrosinase.

Apigenin, found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally-occurring glycosides. Apigenin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property. Apigenin is a ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors that competitively inhibited the binding of flunitrazepam with a Ki of 4μM, exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects.

Biochanin A is an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits iNOS expression and lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages. Additionally, Biochanin A displays the ability to block phosphorylation of IκBα and p38 MAPK, which prevents NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Biochanin A has been observed to suppress IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production.

Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.

Celastrol is a triterpenoid antioxidant compound isolated from the Chinese Thunder of God vine (T. wilfordii). In an isolated rat liver assay of lipid peroxidation, celastrol had an IC50 value of 7 µM, equivalent to about 15 times the antioxidant potency of α-tocopherol.

Curcumol induces apoptosis via caspases-independent mitochondrial pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells.

Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects.

Cytisine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, and as a pharmaceutical preparation it is available for the treatment of nicotinism. It is a pyridine-like alkaloid that can be toxic in high doses. Pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to nicotine due to structural similarity of the two molecules.

Daidzein belongs to the group of isoflavones. Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds, such as genistein, are present in a number of plants and herbs. Soy isoflavones are a group of compounds found in and isolated from the soybean. Besides functioning as antioxidants, many isoflavones have been shown to interact with animal and human estrogen receptors, and therefore are known as phytoestrogens.

Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.) and is also available as a drug in itself. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin and is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of other artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs.

Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the enzymes (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta-13-prostaglandin) that metabolize the prostaglandins PGE-2 and PGF-2α to their respective 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites which are inactive.

Fisetin is a flavonol, a structurally distinct chemical substance that belongs to the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It can be found in many plants, where it serves as a colouring agent. Possible anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties of fisetin are under active scientific investigation.

Gastrodin (Gastrodine) is a polyphenol. It is the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin).

Glycyrrhizic acid is a widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root.

Indole-3-carbinol is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables.

L(+)-Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose.

Lappaconite Hydrobromide is a kind of alkaloid extracted from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone.

Luteolin is a PDE4 inhibitor, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and an interleukin 6 inhibitor, affecting xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Luteolin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, and is one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property.

Morin hydrate is a chemical compound. Morin can be used to test for the presence of aluminum or tin in a solution, since it forms characteristically fluorescent coordination complexes with them.

Myricetin (Cannabiscetin) is a naturally occurring flavonol, a flavonoid found in many grapes, berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, as well as other plants.

Naringin (Naringoside) is a flavanone glycoside and is a major flavonoid in grapefruit and gives the grapefruit juice its bitter taste.

Naringin Dihydrochalcone(Naringin DC) is a new-style sweetening agent and an artificial sweetener derived from naringin.

Flavanone glycoside with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Does not inhibit oral carcinogenesis in a rat model unlike other citrus flavanones, but does exert a protective effect against gastritis and gastric lesions.

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) is a flavonoid sweetening agent with potent antioxidant activity.

Nobiletin is a chemical compound. It is an O-methylated flavone, a flavonoid isolated from citrus peels like in tangerine. Nobiletin was found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor invasion, proliferation, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Nobiletin was also found to potentially inhibit cartilage degradation.

Oxymatrine (Matrine N-oxide) is one of components of the root of Sophora flavescens.

Paeonol (Peonol) is a major component extracted from Chinese herbs moutan cortex and Cynanchum paniculatum .

Piperine (1-Piperoylpiperidine) is the alkaloid responsible for the pungency of black pepper and long pepper, along with chavicine (an isomer of piperine). It has also been used in some forms of traditional medicine and as an insecticide.

Rhein is a substance in the anthraquinone group found in rhubarb species like Rheum undulatum or Rheum palmatum or in Cassia reticulata.

Rheochrysidin is one of the major components of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction used in the treatment of inflammation.

Rutaecarpine is an indolopyridoquinazolinone alkaloid isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa and related herbs, which has shown a variety of intriguing biological properties such as anti-thrombotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-obesity and thermoregulatory, vasorelaxing activity, as well as effects on the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.

Salidroside (Rhodioloside) is a glucoside of tyrosol found in the plant Rhodiola rosea. It is thought to be one of the compounds responsible for the antidepressant and anxiolytic actions of this plant, along with rosavin.

Silymarin (Silibinin B) inhibits chemically induced urinary bladder tumor growth and progression possibly by inhibiting cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis.

Sinomenine(Cucoline) is traditionally used in herbal medicine in these countries, as a treatment for rheumatism and arthritis.

Solanesol is isolated from tobacco leaves, and is a high molecular weight isoprenoid alcohol.

Tangeretin (Tangeritin) is an O-polymethoxylated flavone that is found in tangerine and other citrus peels. Tangeretin (Tangeritin) strengthens the cell wall and acts as a plant's defensive mechanism against disease-causing pathogens. Tangeretin (Tangeritin) also shows enormous potential as an anti cancer agent.

Tanshinones are the major bioactive compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) roots, which are used in many therapeutic remedies in Chinese traditional medicine.

Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is one of the major extracts obtained from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on many diseases.

Taxifolin is found to bind at the ATP-binding site on VEGFR-2 kinase with large value of binding energy and act as type I competitive inhibitor.

Troxerutin(Trihydroxyethylrutin) is a flavonol, a type of flavonoid. It is more accurately a hydroxyethylrutoside. It can be isolated from Sophora japonica, the japanese pagoda tree.It is used as a vasoprotective.

β-sitosterol reduces blood levels of cholesterol, and is sometimes used in treating hypercholesterolemia. β-Sitosterol inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine. When the sterol is absorbed in the intestine, it is transported by lipoproteins and incorporated into the cellular membrane.

Astragaloside A is a novel regulator of HIF-1α and angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt pathway in HUVECs that are exposed to hypoxia.

Schisandrin B is the most abundant dibenzocyclooctadiene isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baillon or Wu-Wei-Zi (transliterally meaning "the fruit of five tastes" in Chinese), which is a commonly used tonic herb in Chinese medicine, particularly for the treatment of liver ailments.

(S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin is a camptothecin derivative that inhibits DNA topoisomerase by enacting strand breaks in chromosomal DNA and inducing apoptosis.

Verbascoside is isolated from Lantana camara, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.

Arctiin has shown to be a suppressor of cyclin D1 protein expression in multiple types of human tumor cells, such as osteosarcoma, lung, colorectal, cervical, breast, melanoma, and prostate cancer

Catechin is a natural flavonoid that has chemopreventive and antitumor properties.

Eleutheroside E(EE) has anti-inflammatory and protective effects in ischemia heart, the beneficial effect of EE may provide an effective and powerful strategy to alleviate behavioral alterations induced by sleep deprivation, it may influence to immune-enhancing through increasing the physical endurance capacity and immune cell activation. EE significantly decreases the inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, cartilage damage, bone erosion of CIA mice, the generation of TNF-α and IL-6, the metabolism of drugs metabolized via CYP2C9 and CYP2E1.