Autophagy

Aloe emodin is a anthraquinone present in aloe latex, an exudate from the aloe plant. It has a strong stimulant-laxative action.

Berberine hydrochloride was novelly found that it has various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and significant anti-inflammatory activities. Berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity.

Emodin is a purgative resin, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). It belongs to a family of compounds called anthraquinones, which have shown anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects

Monensin sodium is an ionophore and inhibitor of autophagy commercially used in livestock feed. It inhibits autophagy, interfering with the fusion of the autophagosome and the lysosome.

Pyrazinamide is an antimycobacterial compound that inhibits the growth of the human M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain.

Resveratrol has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases???LOX, IC50=2.7 μM???, kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects.

STF-62247 is a small molecule agonist that induces autophagy and selectively causes lethality in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells that have lost the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor activity (IC50 = 625 nM).

3-Methyladenine is an inhibitor of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase).

Dronedarone Hydrochloride is a non-iodinated amiodarone derivative that inhibits Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents.

Flubendazole is an anthelmintic used for protection against internal parasites and worms in dogs and cats.

Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic drug for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with IC50 of 19.1 μM.

Cisatracurium besylate (51W89) is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.

TPEN is a heavy metal chelator. Reacts with both Zn-proteome and Zn-metallothionein (MT) in LLC-PK1 cells; acts as an intracellular chelator of proteomic Zn2+.

Arctigenin is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antiviral agent. It inhibits LPS-induced iNOS expression via inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation (IC50 = 10 nM)

Scutellarin, a main active ingredient extracted from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz, has been wildly used to treat acute cerebral infarction and paralysis induced by cerebrovascular diseases.

Avermectin B1 (Abamectin) is a widely used insecticide and anthelmintic.

Spautin-1 is a novel autophagy inhibitor, IM inhibited the growth of K562 cells with IC50 of 1.03μM. In contrast, co-treatment with Spautin-1 increased IM-induced inhibition of cell viability with IC50 of 0.45 μM.

QX77 is a chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator.

Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate is an antimalarial agent used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune, inflammatory and dermatologic conditions. Also acts as an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9.

CB-839 an is orally bioavailable inhibitor of glutaminase, with potential antineoplastic activity. CB-839 (Telaglenastat) also inudces autophagy and has antitumor activity.

Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules. Falnidamol is a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound with anti-cancer activity.

Pogostone is isolated from patchouli with anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activities. Pogostone inhibits both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, also show inhibitory effect on corynebacterium xerosis with a MIC value of 0.098 ?g/ml . Pogostone induces cell apoptosis and autophagy.

SBI-0206965 is a potent, selective and cell permeable autophagy kinase ULK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 108 nM for ULK1 kinase activity and 711 nM for the highly related kinase ULK2 .

SMER28 is a small-molecule enhancer (SMER) of autophagy, inducing autophagy independently of rapamycin in mammalian cells.

Lys05 is a potent lysosomal autophagy inhibitor. Lys05 is a previously undescribed dimeric chloroquine which more potently accumulates in the lysosome and blocks autophagy compared with HCQ.

Azithromycin Dihydrate is an acid stable orally administered macrolide antimicrobial drug, structurally related to erythromycin.

Chloroquine phosphate is a 4-aminoquinoline anti-malarial and anti-rheumatoid agent, also acting as an ATM activator.

Sevelamer hydrochloride is a phosphate binding drug used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease; consists of polyallylamine that is crosslinked with epichlorohydrin.

DC661 is a potent palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) inhibitor. DC661 inhibits autophagy. DC661 is capable of deacidifying the lysosome and inhibiting autophagy significantly better than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).

Autophinib is a novel potent autophagy inhibitor, inhibiting autophagy induced by starvation or Rapamycin by targeting the lipid kinase VPS34.

Nortriptyline hydrochloride (Desmethylamitriptyline hydrochloride) is a tricyclic antidepressant and the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, and used to relieve the symptoms of depression.

Lumefantrine, also known as HSDB 7210, is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with artemether for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and may be used to treat infections caused by P. falciparum and unidentified Plasmodium species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.

Cytarabine hydrochloride, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM.

Ambroxol is a secretolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus.

Atorvastatin, (+/-)- is a Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor.

Deferoxamine mesylate is an iron chelator that binds free iron in a stable complex, preventing it from engaging in chemical reactions.

Bicyclol, also known as SY 801, is a hepatoprotective agent. Bicyclol upregulates transcription factor Nrf2, HO-1 expression and protects rat brains against focal ischemia.

EN6 is a novel covalent autophagy activator, targeting cysteine 277 in the ATP6V1A subunit of the lysosomal v-ATPase, which activates mTORC1 via the Rag guanosine triphosphatases.

P62-mediated mitophagy inducer is a mitophagy regulator which activates mitophagy without recruiting Parkin or collapsing δ??m and retains activity in cells devoid of a fully functional PINK1/Parkin pathway.

CA-5f is a potent late-stage macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor via inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion.

Oxyphenisatin acetate, the pro-drug of oxyphenisatin, is used to be a laxative.

Guggulsterone is a plant sterol derived from the gum resin of the tree Commiphora wightii. Guggulsterone inhibits the growth of a wide variety of tumor cells and induces apoptosis through down regulation of antiapoptotic gene products (IAP1, xIAP, Bfl-1/A1, Bcl-2, cFLIP and survivin), modulation of cell cycle proteins (cyclin D1 and c-Myc), activation of caspases and JNK, inhibition of Akt.

IITZ-01 is a potent lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor with single-agent antitumor activity, with an IC50 of 2.62 μM for PI3Kγ.

TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is a widely used Nrf2 activator, protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of Nrf2.

STO-609 is a selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KK), with Ki values of 80 and 15 ng/mL for recombinant CaM-KKα and CaM-KKβ, respectively.

Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. Hemin is an Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer.

Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.

MRT68921 dihydrochloride is the most potent inhibitor of ULK1 and ULK2, with IC50 values of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively.

Lys01 trihydrochloride (Lys05) is a novel lysosomal autophagy inhibitor with IC50 values of 3.6, 3.8, 6 and 7.9 μM for 1205Lu, c8161, LN229 and HT-29 cell line in the MTT assay.

3'-Hydroxypterostilbene, a natural pterostilbene analogue, effectively inhibits the growth of human colon cancer cells (IC50s of 9.0, 40.2, and 70.9 ?M for COLO 205, HCT-116, and HT-29 cells, respectively) by inducing apoptosis and autophagy.