Immunology & Inflammation

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25.8 μM; is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug. Acetaminophen is a potent hepatic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) inhibitor.

Acetylcysteine is a pharmaceutical drug and nutritional supplement used primarily as a mucolytic agent and in the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Oral acetylcysteine is also used for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (a form of acute renal failure).

Allopurinol is a purine analog; it is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

Allopurinol is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

Asaraldehyde is a selective COX-2 inhibitor.

Berberine hydrochloride was novelly found that it has various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and significant anti-inflammatory activities. Berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity.

Celecoxib is a sulfa non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and selective COX-2 inhibitor used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin (flavanol); Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant with good prospects.

Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A) is an immunosuppressant agent widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the immune system.

Deflazacort is a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.

Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant. Its potency is about 20-30 times that of the naturally occurring hormone hydrocortisone and 4-5 times of prednisone.

Diclofenac Sodium is a non-selective COX inhibitor with IC50 of 0.5 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml for COX-1 and -2 in intact cells, respectively, used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to relieve pain and reduce swelling in flammation.

DMXAA (ASA404) is a tumor-vascular disrupting agent (tumor-VDA) that attacks the blood supply of a cancerous tumor to cause tumor regression.

Etodolac (AY-24236) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound that is a non-selective inhibitor of COX (IC50=53.5 nM).

Febuxostat is a non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (Ki = 1.2 nM).

FK-506 is an immunosuppressive drug that is mainly used after allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so lower the risk of organ rejection. It reduces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by T-cells.

Flurbiprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antipyretic and analgesic activity.

FTY720 is a derivative of ISP-1 (myriocin), a fungal metabolite of the Chinese herb Iscaria sinclarii as well as a structural analog of sphingosine.

Hydrocortisone is a steroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) targeting COX-1 with an IC50 of 13 μM.

Ibuprofen Lysine(Motrin) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Imiquimod (Aldara) is a a heterocyclic imidazoquinoline amide that acts as an immune response modifier.

Indomethacin is a nonselective COX1 and COX2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.1 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, respectively. Indomethacin(Indocid, Indocin) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound commonly used to reduce fever, pain, stiffness, and swelling.

Isoliquiritigenin is a licorice chalconoid, a type of natural phenols that is currently under experimentation phase testing for use as a cancer treatment as well as an aide for cocaine addiction.

Ketoprofen (RP-19583) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acting as a potent inhibitor of COX, with IC50s of 2 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2 in human blood monocytes, respectively.

Maraviroc is an antiretroviral drug in the CCR5 receptor antagonist class used in the treatment of HIV infection.

Mizoribine is an imidazole nucleoside immunosuppressant agent that was first isolated from the mold Eupenicillium brefeldimium with antibiotic and cytotoxic effects.

Mycophenolate mofetil is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in purine biosynthesis (specifically guanine synthesis) which is necessary for the growth of T cells and B cells.

Mycophenolic Acid is an immunosuppressant small molecule isolated as a fermentation product from several Penicillium species.

Naproxen sodium is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor that displays anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. Has a neuroprotective role against colchicine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.

Phenylbutazone is a compound of research interest as an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agent.

Pimecrolimus is a natural ascomycin macrolactam that binds to macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) and inhibits calcineurin as well as prolyl isomerase (rotamase).

Piroxicam is an effective and potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and a Cox-1 and Cox-2 inhibitor.

Pravadoline (WIN 48,098) is antiinflammatory and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, acting through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).

Rapamycin (Sirolimus) prevents activation of T cells and B-cells by inhibiting their response to interleukin-2 (IL-2).

Sulindac is a non-steroidal COX inhibitor, which potently inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, used in the treatment of acute or chronic inflammatory conditions

Suplatast Tosilate is a novel capsular anti-asthmatic agent that suppresses both IgE production, IL-4 and IL-5 synthesis with IC50 above 100 μM.

Plerixafor is an immunostimulant used to multiply hematopoietic stem cells and it is a chemokine receptor-4 antagonist for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation.

6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent,

INCB 3284 dimesylate is a potent, selective hCCR2 antagonist that exhibits potenct antagonism against monocyte chemoattractant molecule binding to hCCR2 and chemotaxis activity.

BMS-806, also known as BMS-378806 , is a type of medicine called an entry inhibitor. Entry inhibitors work by blocking HIV from entering human cells. BMS-378806 (BMS-806) is a small molecule that blocks the binding of host-cell CD4 with viral gp120 protein and therefore inhibits the first steps of HIV-1 infection.

Iguratimod(T 614) is one of a series of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones which has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Iguratimod(T 614) is a selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inhibits the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor.

NBD-556 is small molecule mimetic of CD4, NBD-556 recognizes the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 and induces restructuring of gp120 analogous to CD4 binding.

SCH527123 is a potent and selective antagonist of the human CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors with IC50 of 42 nM and 3 nM, respectively.

Triptolide is a diterpene triepoxide, immunosuppresive agent extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii.

Pranoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in ophthalmology

Flunixin Meglumin is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) used as analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity.

Acemetacin is a glycolic acid ester of indometacin. It is metabolized to indometacin, which then acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, producing the anti-inflammatory effects.

Tolfenamic Acid is a COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.2 μM. It is one of the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is used to treat the symptoms of migraine.

Nimesulide is a relatively COX-2 selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties.