Small molecules play a pivotal role in Endocrinology Research. These are low molecular weight compounds that have a significant impact on the endocrine system, hormones, and their receptors. Here are some key aspects of how small molecules are involved in this field:
Hormone Mimetics and Inhibitors: Small molecules are used to develop synthetic compounds that mimic the actions of hormones or inhibit their effects. For example, drugs like metformin for diabetes management and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for breast cancer treatment are used to either mimic or block hormonal activity.
Receptor Modulation: Small molecules can bind to hormone receptors and modulate their activity. This is crucial in developing drugs that target specific hormone receptors, like the use of small molecule agonists and antagonists to regulate thyroid hormone receptors.
Metabolism Regulation: Endocrinology research often focuses on metabolism and how hormones like insulin regulate it. Small molecules are employed to understand and develop drugs targeting enzymes involved in metabolism, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists for diabetes treatment.
Steroid Hormone Production: Small molecules may be utilized to influence the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal glands or gonads. This is essential for conditions like Cushing's syndrome or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Hormone Assays: In laboratory research, small molecules are used as tracers or markers in hormone assays. For instance, small molecule fluorophores can be attached to antibodies to detect hormone levels in blood samples.
Drug Development: Endocrinology research relies on small molecules as potential drug candidates. Researchers design and test small molecules for their effectiveness in modulating hormonal pathways, with the goal of developing new therapies for endocrine disorders. In summary, small molecules are indispensable tools in Endocrinology Research, enabling scientists to better understand the endocrine system's intricacies and develop novel treatments for a wide range of hormonal disorders and conditions. Their versatility and specificity make them valuable assets in advancing our knowledge of endocrinology and improving patient care.
AZD-9291 is a third-generation EGFR inhibitor, showed promise in preclinical studies and provides hope for patients with advanced lung cancers that have become resistant to existing EGFR inhibitors.
Icotinib hydrochloride is a potent and specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with an IC(50) of 5 nM, including it's mutants of EGFR(L858R), EGFR(L861Q), EGFR(T790M) and EGFR(T790M, L858R).
CNX-2006 is a potent, mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor with excellent in vitro activity in cells with activating EGFR mutations, as well as in cells harbouring the T790M mutation. CNX-2006 is the prototype for CO-1686, which is currently in a Phase I clinical trial for the treatment of EGFR-mutant lung cancer.
Epertinib is a potent, oral, reversible, and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, HER2 and HER4, with IC50s of 1.48 nM, 7.15 nM and 2.49 nM, respectively. Epertinib shows potent antitumor activity.
Gefitinib hydrochloride is an EGFR inhibitor, which interrupts signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in target cells. Therefore, it is only effective in cancers with mutated and overactive EGFR.
D-69491 (SU11464) is a small-molecule HER2 inhibitor, which was under development for the treatment of tumours with high expression of HER2, such as breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic carcinomas.
AZ5104, the demethylated metabolite of AZD-9291, is a potent EGFR inhibitor with IC50 of <1 nM, 6 nM, 1 nM, and 25 nM for EGFR (L858R/T790M), EGFR (L858R), EGFR (L861Q), and EGFR (wildtype), respectively. Phase 1.
AZD3759 is an orally available inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It binds to and inhibits the activity of EGFR as well as certain mutant forms of EGFR.
TX1-85-1 is ErbB3 inhibitor. TX2-121-1 may exert Her3-dependent pharmacology through an allosteric mechanismthereby disrupting interactions between Her3 and other proteins such as Her3 or cMet consistent with results presented here and distinct from conventional kinase inhibitors, which block catalytic function.
ARRY-380 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2 (also called HER2) with potential antineoplastic activity.
Avitinib (AC0010) is a pyrrolopyrimidine-based irreversible EGFR inhibitor that is mutation-selective with IC50 value of 0.18 nM against EGFR L858R/T790M double mutations, nearly 43-fold greater potency over wild-type EGFR (IC50 value, 7.68 nM). It has comparable anti-tumor activity and tolerated toxicity.
Lazertinib (YH25448,GNS-1480) is a potent, highly mutant-selective and irreversible EGFR-TKI with IC50 values of 1.7 nM, 2 nM, 5 nM, 20.6 nM and 76 nM for Del19/T790M, L858R/T790M, Del19, L85R and Wild type EGFR respectively, showing much higher IC50 values aganist ErbB2 and ErbB4.
Afatinib (BIBW 2992) is an irreversible EGFR family inhibitor with IC50s of 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 10 nM and 14 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, EGFRL858R/T790M and HER2, respectively.
Osimertinib dimesylate (AZD-9291 dimesylate) is an irreversible and mutant selective EGFR inhibitor with IC50s of 12 and 1 nM against EGFRL858R and EGFRL858R/T790M, respectively.
MTX-211 is a dual inhibitor of EGFR and PI3K, which plays important roles in the progression of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer. MTX-211 has the potential for the treatment of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer.
EGFR-IN-7 (compound 34) is a selective and potent EGFR kinase inhibitor extracted from patent WO2019015655A1, has IC50s of 7.92 nM and 0.218 nM for EGFR (WT) and EGFR (mutant C797S/T790M/L858R) respectively, and shows anti-tumor activity.
Mutated EGFR-IN-2 (compound 91) is a mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor extracted from patent WO2017036263A1, which potently inhibits single-mutant EGFR (T790M) and double-mutant EGFR (including L858R/T790M (IC50=??1nM) and ex19del/T790M), and can suppress activity of single gain-of-function mutant EGFR (including L858R and ex19del) as well. Mutated EGFR-IN-2 shows anti-tumor antivity.
DBPR112 is an orally active Furanopyrimidine-Based Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor inhibitor with IC50s of 15 nM and 48 nM for EGFRWT and EGFRL858R/T790M, respectively.
TAS0728 is a potent, selective, oral active, irreversible and covalent-binding HER2 inhibitor, binds to HER2 at C805, inhibits its kinase activity, with an IC50 of 13 nM.
Mutated EGFR-IN-1 (Osimertinib analog) is a useful intermediate for the inhibitors design for mutated EGFR, such as L858R EGFR, Exonl9 deletion activating mutant and T790M resistance mutant.
Naquotinib mesylate (ASP8273 mesylate) is an orally available, mutant-selective and irreversible EGFR inhibitor; with IC50s of 8-33 nM toward EGFR mutants and 230 nM for EGFR.